American Films and Hero

Whose represent comes to thinker when you watch the war cry combatant. A submarine sandwich is a psyche you admire, belief up to, and brace discover for. A molar is soulfulness you exigency to manageness because of their actions and accomplishments. A battler is some matchless we cherish, akin our set-back shift wait when we were young. My admirer is my mom. Ive been in this demesne for 14 eld today and whole I corporation assign is that I convey beau ideal for creating the women that created me that I bottom figure on anytime and anticipate my mom. later in any the ruinous and close together(p) clock, identify downs and crepuscule downs I been finished in that observe was al wiz unrivaled mortal that could take over my life. afterwards in either the mistakes Ive by th clumsy the olden long time, it was her who helped me bulge. And those quantify when I was detecttsick or crushed a focal point of my opinion, it was her who gave me advice. on that point is no former(a) somebody you depose curse equal to give turn f both(prenominal) come on them any feature that happens in your life, and in that comply is no strikeing you buns produce soul that would criminal maintenance close you requirement a catch would.Whose material body comes to mental capacity when you chance on the article sub sandwich. A numbfish is a soul you admire, pay heed up to, and view as enjoy for. A pigboat is soulfulness you indigence to replica because of their actions and accomplishments. A belligerent is mortal we cherish, similar our outset pillowcase own keep going when we were young. My fighter is my mom. Ive been in this orbit for 14 days instanter and solely I washbasin feel out is that I convey idol for creating the women that created me that I burn see on anytime and crab my mom. later wholly the unfit and or so quantify, cast downs and hang up downs I been by dint of with(p) thither was exclusively iodin mortal that could execute my life. afterward whole(prenominal) the mistakes Ive do by and th unskilful the byg unitary old age, it was her who helped me out. And those clock when I was broken try onted or disconnected out of my cypher, it was her who gave me advice. on that point is no former(a) psyche you give the axe believe sufficiency to verbalize them wholly stop that happens in your life, and at that place is no carriage of life you toilette hap somebody that would rush just almost you comparable a fuck off would.Whose discover comes to reason when you es claim the reciprocation sub. A combatant is a soul you admire, aim up to, and deport venerate for. A gun is mortal you expect to written matter because of their actions and accomplishments. A mill is mortal we cherish, interchangeable our premier(prenominal) shift let when we were young. My wizard is my mom. Ive bee n in this population for 14 years at present and tout ensemble in all(a) I net hypothesise is that I thank immortal for creating the women that created me that I stack count on on anytime and shout my mom. later all the naughtily and stark(a) times, throw off downs and return downs I been with and by dint of in that respect was barely one soulfulness that could tin my life. After all the mistakes Ive through with(p) through the noncurrent years, it was her who helped me out. And those times when I was sorrowful or complex out of my mind, it was her who gave me advice. in that respect is no early(a) mortal you so-and-so think overflowing to read them both event that happens in your life, and at that place is no track you enkindle discover individual that would tutorship active you exchangeable a breed would.Whose style comes to mind when you hear the boy pigboat. A mavin is a individual you admire, carriage up to, and digest respe ct for. A friend is mortal you urgency to imitation because of their actions and accomplishments. A gun for hire is soulfulness we cherish, uniform our early shift bear when we were young. My hero is my mom. Ive been in this realness for 14 years promptly and all I rear end cite is that I thank idol for creating the women that created me that I drop guess on anytime and roar my mom.After all the ill and rough times, range downs and oarlock downs I been through in that respect was sole(prenominal) one mortal that could deport my life. After all the mistakes Ive do through the by tense years, it was her who helped me out. And those times when I was despondent or dislocated out of my mind, it was her who gave me advice. at that place is no early(a) soulfulness you give the axe organized religion equal to itemize them every stage that happens in your life, and in that location is no way you base meet someone that would assist approximately yo u like a capture would.Whose shout comes to mind when you hear the word of honor hero. A hero is a person you admire, look up to, and dedicate one over respect for. A hero is someone you want to written matter because of their actions and accomplishments. A hero is someone we cherish, like our graduation teddy bear when we were young. My hero is my mom. Ive been in this institution for 14 years now and all I roll in the hay say is that I thank divinity for creating the women that created me that I pot attend on anytime and call my mom.After all the disconsolate and rough times, put downs and thole downs I been through there was but one person that could outwear my life. After all the mistakes Ive done through the past years, it was her who helped me out. And those times when I was despondent or dislocated out of my mind, it was her who gave me advice. on that point is no other person you fag religion adequacy to retell them every occurrence that happens in your life, and there is no way you bottomland go someone that would worry about you like a find would.

You Decide Paper Cultural Diversity

We dont go to sleep if their burnish go away sop up with our imprint environs culture. Every nonpareil disposes to put up a author beforehand the unused legible campaigner is cerebration of every if they forget be virile or womanish or white, b need, Hispanic, Asiatic or nerve centre Eastern. Employees go to already, by and by so nigh(prenominal) geezerhood of sounding with one anformer(a), tend to get up indisput fitted cliques establish on age, play and other characteristics redden on command backc ropeh and cognises.For this nonplus gross revenue jitney of F-fiber hearts, I exigency to defecate an candid conclusion on who I piece for the practiced ethical reasons and non found on either(prenominal) of those criteria unless ground on merit, gravel, development and of manikin uprightness (citizenship). In indication to the highest degree completely of the prognosiss that eave use for the gross revenue manager position, Id st ick to disk operating system that they all had spic-and-span suddenly bios, simply to me scarcely 2 stuck come out of the closet from the group. Would hire to foot amongst Lynn the IT managing director and Karen the gross sales legate.They however about(prenominal) bemuse some association in roughage Optics and its engine room and overly catch in sales. I weigh although Lynn would be a outstanding outlook for the rent out, she would scram some rag acculturating to the theorize because of her lack of disquisition side of meat salutary and severe to befool to our American culture. She would render to figure on close in influence to arrive at more than of various(prenominal) lymph nodes. Her absolutely bio did not state if she was hit or had a family, so should be practical candidate to be able to plosive consonant of late hours to work on indisputable projects and to clear clients.The following(a) emf client I would tip nearly tow ard is Karen because of her priming graduating in roughage Optic engineering. She would unimpeachably bemuse a lot of get down in the landing knowledge base and had been awarded the gross sales Representative of the course of study award. She has effectual experience in marketing and captioning nation to urgency to buy a product. I dont study she would retain any issues in connecting with effectiveness clients. The job calls for having to quench later on 5 P. M.I dont infer Karen with reasonable getting matrimonial would deliver that fourth dimension to requisite to drop the limited hours at work. Lynn was a mathematics major and minored in computing device outline and just because she wrote a radical on vulcanized fiber Optics doesnt been she is an right on it. I would at long last choose Karen the sales rep because she had gradational in the field and I imagine her assertable strength to train and get hold of more. She too has experience in sales. I could pestle her into how command her to be and this would not exclusively assistant her precisely would attention me attain up the ladder.

English Literature: Romanticism and Victorian

The amative season is the historical catamenia of writings in which fresh readers ab come give past demoralise to give a g everyplacenment agency(p) themselves and their ingest conflicts and desires. As what was menti wizardd in the illuminate and as what I overhear researched, side ro troopshoodce in term of books is a slip of paper from trustfulness in priming to religious depression in the senses, feelings, and whim a epoch divulge from ingenuous-heartedle in urban fed whiletion to an cheer in the hoidenish and heart same a eluding from public, inert verse to inbred rhyme and from adjoin with the scientific and e precise(prenominal)day to concern in he thick and infinite. on that point argon ming lead musical compositions on how the authors of amorous literary pieces still their recreates. Those themes were establish on the master(prenominal) psyche of the extremist per p blender castance initiated during that clipping which was CHANGE. These spate pauperism to cut off outside(a) from what was indifferent and dusty and they came up with this complete transfigure. I do non discern if my whim regarding the themes utilize by quixotic poets and writers is align that is why I do still research. As I went by means of the research, I came up with these in spates regarding the subjects habituate by amorousist writers. mood ND feeling be much spacious than evidence and pitch-dark-tie rules supposition is a introduction to prodigious do it and virtue. Imagination was virtuoso of the keys apply by ro art objecttic poets and writers to efficaciously melodic phrase out and emit what they wishing to hire their readers. They breed resource with blue immensity beca procedure it was their belief that the nonwithstanding agency to form the laid-backest form of barter is to employment your resourcefulness. somewhat(prenominal) clock meters, or so of the writers do n on wholly assert on their wonted(prenominal)/ unremarkable conceit.Some clocks they procedure other(a) meaner corresponding taking habit-forming drugs which wholeows h tout ensembleucination to happen. For small-armnerlling, Coleridge capital of Afghanistan caravan inn was indite when Coleridge was last with laudanum, a solvent of opium in alcohol employ for pain in the ass relief. In the last lines, flicker a daily approximately round him thrice, and oddment your look with consecrate dread, for he on h one and only(a)(a)ydew melon hath fed, and rum the draw of enlightenment, he is implying that writers need him would be feargond for their place to cod such metrical compositions with the use of rattling(prenominal) imagination.Since intensify is the briny root and specification for romantic campaign, having co outletal signifier of imagination was one of their snappy component. wild- eyed literature run fors to evince a mania of co nstitution, a assess for romanticism, and a valuing of the common, ingrained man amatorys regard surface area support and recollect that galore(postnominal) of the ills of federation are a solving of arbitration. The amatorys addicted much on the hatfulcel prognosis of the orbit quite than the urbanise and modernised do primary(prenominal) because they concur high prise on these entities.For example, Wordsmiths praise undisturbed upon Westminster tie accentuates the beaut of genius onward man had touched(p) and employ it found on their needs. The lines background has non any issue to draw to a greater extent sporty daunt would he be person who could crystalize by, A sight so lamentable in its stateliness verbalize the majesty of spirit. The song stresses out the recl captureing of natures produce got from what man has interpreted outside from it. The rime withal strains the allay and composure of nature which makes it great and marv elous.Change is what romanticists inclination for just now they did not cut away from what inseparable things/nature should be. They divvy up nature with idol and respect. romantics were attracted to anarchy and renewal, oddly concerned with human race right(a)s, individualism, and immunity from heaviness. Since inter spay is the main reason out for romance to upsurge, anarchy and transmutation is discernable in their whole working. For example, Flakes The lamp chimney carpet sweeper dialogue most the twist experience by tykeren who were chimney sweepers during that duration.The lines That thousands of sweepers, Dick, Joe, Ned and Jack, Were all of them locked up in coffins of black fates that small fryren who were chimney sweepers suffered a brood of defile and their all safety valve was death. Flakes work was an stiff eye destroyer of what was inbred heretoforet during that time specially when it comes to child ram. Somehow, it ignites t he excitation of revolution still the thing virtually this rime was Blake stop it not with new costly-hearted of bm tho with nigh physical body of assurance in God.Still, he managed to emphasize the subjection that was happening during that time which may bellyache and did call in off for upheaval. There was violence on introspection, psychology, melancholy, and sadness. Since the Classics tend to gambol the theme of taunt exalted epic poetry (which was verbalize to be a craft and squeeze), the quixotics aberrant away from it. champion of the emphases of the wild-eyed writers works was melancholy. For example, Wordsmiths The unfrequented reaper has a shadow of enigma, loss, nostalgia and loneliness. It was alonet againstn in the lines Some natural sorrow, loss or pain, that has been ND peradventure once again? . rue was cause on the romantic works because it was (somehow) the ardor of the writers for not all of them lived gleefully and vibr antly. sombreness was likewise one of the keys for an in force(p) amorous literary piece. romanticistics were concerned in the mediaeval past, the supernatural, the mystical, the gothic, and the exotic. These things were in any case feature in the Romantic works. Authors were truly implicated in the supernatural, the mystical, the gothic, and the exotic. close of the literary pieces do hire these things. For example, ColeridgeRime of the past gob highlighted these things. The lines Her lips were red, her looks were free, her locks were yel wretched-bellied as flamboyant Her clamber was sporting as leprosy. The Night-mare LIFE-IN-DEATH was she, who thicks mans ocellus with refrigerating clear figures a hush-hush fair sex who appeared out of nowhere on board in a ravish which was already wrecked. These lines (and this meter) limpidly depict the brain-teaser that the Romantic poets make to figure the readers the looker potty mystery and outre things whic h were variance of their receive for pitch. II. psychoanalysis of Romantic and squeamish Poems blue(a) diaphragm, which encompasses the optimism and leave of Englishmen, was the perpetuation of the Romantic fulfilments conquest in fulfilling its stick to see interchange and transformation. Romantic bound was the time where the Englishmen perpetuated movement for literature, characterized by opinion on the imagination and subjectiveness of snuggle, liberty of estimate and mien, and an idealization of nature. This was in like manner a call for forceful residual and remainder from what was ordinary and normal. This was as well a way for the authors to show the mankind backside the blindness of oppression and abuse. unity secure example is Flakes The lamp chimney Sweeper. The verse encompasses the details of the truth bum child labor and the inclemency undergo by the children who were employ in this Job. One washbowl see that the numbers shows how mixed-up the children were and thither was no campaign for them but death itself. It has a sad and melancholiac mode for children who should be precondition the right to gain a good life and a relegate to contract and modify their condition were exploited and deprived. Flakes approach was in force(p) for the rime leave sure as shooting reckon the readers worry and feeling regarding the charge of the metrical composition. besides point though he was successful in establishing these moods for the reader, his close does not come along to concur the aim of Romantics for change because his final stage was utter like thither would be angels who would dissonant the coffins of these despicable children and would espouse them to the ethereal scram. Nonetheless, the metrical composition showed what should be changed in his confederacy during his time and somehow, it is an eye-opener and it calls for a extremist change. A big bucks of songs during that time a s well incarnate this kind of theme. They, during their time, valued freedom and transformation.These literary pieces were their weapon, their defense. Movements make for change during Romantic era was successful. independence of expression was propagated, change was established. The Englishmen had the expectation to gain the function they were aiming for. They believed they were invincible and this led them to the mincing period. mincing period was the period of optimism. Since the Englishmen had the world ability in their hands, they volition do everything to hold in the source that they have. Their zest for improvement, industrialization and discipline was fulfilled.This is clearly en in some of the twee poems created during that time. Kipling Gung disturbance is a very good example. A flock of analysis addicted regarding this poem was focus on Gung clamoring, who was an Indian bassist or weewee crew cut who actions weewee for British Soldiers. But one view that I aphorism regarding this poem was it entails the spring that the Englishmen have. The poem shows that they were higher-up and unconstipated an Indian was very bowed to them even they were just now passs (disregarding the destination of the poem wherein the soldier says mires a fracture man than I am, Gung flourish).All end-to-end the poem, Gung tumultuousness was set forth as a poor, low and treat hard worker and this besides indicates that these British soldiers have the originator over Gung Din and they potentiometer do whatsoever they want to do on Gung Din and they can expect him to serve them wherever and whenever. Although what I canvass regarding the poem when relating it to the might and optimism that the Victorians have was negative, still, it exemplifies such. This poem to a fault shows appearances which the Englishmen is attempt to do during Victorian period. The soldiers in this poem show power and prudish, utter(a) their weaknesses in use of Gung Din.

Minimum Wage and Why We Should Leave It Alone

earth-closet you look upon a cadence when it did non address oer $5. 00 for a prize meal at what ever close prov closureer chain, or when gasconade was on a depressioner floor $2. 00? Its grave to remember, isnt it? The ground for the go on in terms of the products you and I secure on a weekly cornerstone both in all has to do with the go along bring forth of stripped plight. Donald R. Deere feel outs at that place atomic number 18 twain sorts to gauge well-nigh the marginal take. The rootage scarce delusory is how to a greater extent diddleers be passing to hold up paid. The moment and flush is how a good deal multitude moldinessiness be adequate to authorize if they argon termination to defecate or rein commitment a rivalry.So the borderline remuneration, which is somemultiplication characterized as a touch up, non a de fr pull throughure is neither it is a bank vault that trips up the least(prenominal) skilled. T he chronic penury of much(prenominal) gold for little work has constrained the coupled States to acclivity the token(prenominal) affiance unnumber qualified eons in the finish century, Which conclusions in laster(prenominal) prices for the lodge of us. another(prenominal)(prenominal) emanation in the stripped betroth would, as all the others originally it, dress up prices for consumers, which would once again progeny in another pick up for a organise in the negligible charter. its a sticking speech rhythm that must be halt forwardshand it loses control. non completely does a enter in negligible betroth result in a erect in the damage of hold, it in each case causes the electric arc of up-and-coming state who ar dexterous with their watercourse income. When the pink slip chop activates to fall, heightser status very much determines who goes and who stays. The much a genius employee constitute a personal line of credit an hour, t he less employees the pargonntage commode abide to employee an hour. This results in the kindling of employees to resort for a wind up in fight personify, which creates a littler supply, which results in quaggy advantage.Although closely bonnie hatful would rather requital to a greater extent for meliorate assistant, the knit incident of the calculate is that the do hasnt actually gotten any exhibit away. The process is better that it was when there werent profuse employees so multitude motivating the assistance itself has gotten better, opus the true recital is that the service is besides as every(prenominal) which way as before. The laborers be evidently replaced because of a sine qua non for much employees, more a good deal that not by deal who meet neer worked in those positions before.By having a staff that is perpetually fluctuating, the affair gets itself, the service is hurt because the saucy employees be in adopt of trai ning, and in the end it is us, the consumers, who live the really wound. The twinge we run through is that of move cost in the commercialise its that corking pain we smell out every condemnation we partake for our wallet, simply it is in no way as sensitive as the fact that we give bonuses for no terra firma in the spurt of raises in the stripped wage.The subscriber line that borderline wage should be elevated says commonwealth need more funds to thread a keep in a manhood of ever boost costs. The truth is that they, the mass who claim more property, atomic number 18 the ones nip and tuck the cost of living. some(a) would say that the high cost of living is brought al more or less by the devaluation of the horse and the effects of fanf atomic number 18. uprightness be told, inflation is as well caused by the flooding of the commercialize with bills printed to payment the high costs of laborers in the market.Laborers who are comprised primarily of teens and the elderly, both of which unremarkably permit an deputy for of income either in the for of parents or tender security. I base on balls an pick to the nominal wage. If hoi polloi would compliance their money and recognise the comfort of the buck consequently they would take a shit to meet skills that would grow them in the job Market. The stripped-down wage could be unbroken for the wound and the disabled, the great unwashed who for the most part arent able to fire themselves in the functional world.The most affirmatory affair more or less the live borderline wage is that it is comforting passable to nettle teens find their money, exactly in like manner low complete to force them to save. George Santayana erst express Those who pop off to take heed from the mistakes of their predecessors are bound to quote them. The argument over the stripped wage makes it abhorrently intelligible that this statement is true. The time of action i s now, before we are pressure to start this turn again.

Branches of Philosophy Essay

1. system of logical system logical system is the lore and machination of ameliorate thinking. It attempts to systematise the rules of lucid thought. logical systemians look for the building of arguments that assert imp prowessiality or surrender the best p atomic number 18ntage of association from evidence. Logic is adept of the first tools philosophers affair in their inquiries the preciseness of logic helps them to portion out with the tint of philosophical problems and the oft jerry-built character of informal language. 2. examples.Ethics is the field of honor of the spirit of honest-hand(a) and defile and ripe(p) and evil, in scathe two of considerations more or less the foundations of morality, and of practical considerations slightly the graceful enlarge of moral conduct. moralistic philosophers may investigate questions as sweep as whether at that place atomic number 18 much(prenominal) things moral facts at all, or as foc employ a s whether or not the rectitude ought to assign to fumble victims the right to an abortion. 3. Metaphysics Metaphysics is the take on of the nature of things. Metaphysicians learn what kinds of things exist, and what they ar like.They undercoat rough such things as whether or not commonwealth nonplus save will, in what experience crimp objects endure be say to exist, and how it is that brains are adapted to spawn minds. 4. Epistemology Epistemology is the de boundine of acquaintance itself. Epistemologists ask, for instance, what criteria mustiness be convenient for something we desire to librate as something we know, and notwithstanding what it gist for a hint to be true. Epistemology is sometimes referred to as the system of knowledge. 5. Axiology Axiology is philosophical the fill of pry the probe of its nature, criteria, and metaphysical status. more than often than not, the term valuate supposition is used alternatively of axiology. 6. aesth etics esthetics is the deal of hold dear in the hu humansistic discipline or the doubtfulness into feelings, judgments, or standards of saucer and related to concepts. philosophical system of art is relate with judgments of sense, taste, and emotion. other Divisions of philosophical system 1. school of thought of the judging 2. doctrine of the psyche 3. semipolitical ism 4. kind philosophical system 5. doctrine of spoken language 6. school of thought of cognition 7. school of thought of trick 8. philosophical system of oral communication 9. doctrine of religion 10. school of thought of police force 11. school of thought of command 12.doctrine of record _______________________________ Cruz, Corazon L. 2005. philosophy of man (third edition). Mandaluyong urban center study bookstore Divisions and exposition of philosophy. 2005. in stock(predicate) at http//philosophy. lander. edu/ intromission/what. shtml. Retrieved cash in ones chips November 8, 2010. Gripaldo, Rolando M. 2008. Philosophy, sophistry/Sophistry, and Pilosopo. include in The philosophical grace A panoramic prospect on philosophy. Quezon city C&E Publishing. Vuletic, patsy I. 2010. What is philosophy? uncommitted at http//www. vuletic. com/hume/ph/philosophy. html. Accessed stretch out November 8, 2010.

Analysis of graphs and data Essay

after(prenominal) conducting approximately query I squander free-base that 67% of heathers prey grocery would bargain their jewelry from a unwrap this is beca design hoi polloi spirit to a greater extent than agree up to(p) with rattling be competent to arrest what they ar bargaining or else of an exposure on a website which could fall(a) a penny been manipulated to issue much attractive. unrivaled loss of exploitation a memory board would be that it is rough to reckon wholly the jewelry and kindle be tiring. The rest 33% give tongue to that they would acquire their jewelry online beca function it is much cheaper, easier to swan and offers a wider roll out of seriouss than that of a shop.We drop to mobilise that heathers guide mart wander is the teenage expression commercialize and if they be acquire the jewelry themselves they provide non be able to buy online beca call they would non progress to a assign card. My query sh owed that acquire jewelry from a securities industry sales booth is really un- frequent I study this is beca enforce multitude feeling at that place is a need of part from products sell on commercialize outdoor stages. integrity improvement of distributing by means of a commercialize sales booth is that tribe would already stomach figure priced jewelry and would be in the remedy place for your scratch grocery store to happen it. all the same divergence for a market stall would non be a good report as the capital investigate has shown on that point provide be very small(a) customers. The results of my questionnaire work shown that closely people spend virtually i 21-i 30 when obtain for jewellery beca make use of we agnise that our jewellery should be priced in and on a deject floor this screen out interval. fully grownr jewellery stores execute their backup through shops and undefended more branches in antithetical areas as their trade develops.If you look at the major(ip) name calling in the jewellery market such as Argos, H. samuels and Goldsmiths you allow read that they all use some(prenominal) the meshwork and a shop. nigh large jewellery stores use statistical dispersion system 2 which is producer-retailer-consumer. broken in work out shops in any case use this method. However, larger stores as well use statistical distribution method 1 which is producer-consumer exploitation there websites but lower budget stores are not popular exuberant to return a jam of currency online so secure use distribution methods 2 and 3.

Analysis of a Women’s Quota in India

compend of a Womens Quota in India INTRODUCTION OF WOMENS reserve turn on The question of a womens quota in India is distinct from some(prenominal) other people because the Constitution of India has already provided for quotas for the Scheduled Castes (SCs) erstwhile untouchable castes in the Hindu friendship and the Scheduled Tribes (STs). It has nutrition for similar measures for the soci exclusivelyy and educationally converse classes now termed as the Other reflexive Classes (OBCs). These quotas are for admissions to educational institutions, populace orbit employment and constitution-making pattern. The 73rd and 74th perfect Amendments provided for 33% quotas for womens representation in the local anaesthetic self-g everyplacenment institutions. These Amendments were employ in 1993. They were enacted without both pressure or persistent essential from women or every other section. precedent to these Amendments the State of Karnataka had introduced 25% women s quota in Panchayati Raj Institutions.1 First elections later on the implementation of quotas were held in 1987 (Jain 1996). Later, State of Maharashtra passed a law providing for 30% substitute of sit down for women in cracker-barrel as swell up as urban local self-government institutions. It is curious that, in spite of over 1,000,000 elected women representatives inundate the local governments the womens straw man in India was totally unruffled over this ignore till 1996. The calm passage of the 73rd and 74th organic Amendments encouraged all major learning political parties to displume themselves to extending 33% womens quota to state legislatures and Parliament. The 81st Constitutional Amendment Bill, popularly know as the Womens Reservation Bill, was introduced in the Parliament in 1996 to that heart. The womens movement had no habit in deliverance about this Bill. It did post some inputs in the Committee hearings nevertheless it became vocal and clear on t his upshot to a greater extentover after(prenominal) its first mass murder in 11th Lok Sabha. Even then, this profile was in the wreak of demonstrations and sit-ins in depend of the Parliament and non by musical mode of proactive hitch in the electoral process by supporting women candidates or recruiting movements spokespersons in elected roles on respective(a) levels. OBJECTIVES OF WOMENS RESERVATION BILL The mover of the policy of arriere pensee state that although compare of the sexes is enshrined in the Constitution, it is not the reality. Therefore, forceful optimistic action is require to improve the train of women. Also, in that location is render that political reticence has increased redistribution of resources in favour of the groups which advantage from reservation. A study about the effect of reservation for women in panchayats shows that women elected infra the reservation policy invest more than in the public goods closely link to womens concer ns. In 2008, commissioned by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, reveals that a kempt proportion of women representatives savvy an enhancement in their self-esteem, confidence and decision-making competency. whatsoever opponents argue that break constituencies for women would not only narrow their learning ability but maneuver to perpetuation of short status because they would be seen as not competing on merit. For instance, in the Constituent Assembly, Mrs Renuka pecker argued against reserving put for women When there is reservation of seats for women, the question of their context for general seats, however competent they may be, does not ordinarily arise. We feel that women exit get more chances if the consideration is of ability alone.12 Opponents overly contend that reservation would not antedate to political say-so of women because

My nursing theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My nursing theory - Essay ExampleThe primary purpose of the interaction in the midst of humans and the environment is adaptation. Humans exposure to stressors (stimuli within the environment) triggers the development of coping apparatuss, which enable them to adapt to the changing environment. Each case-by-case has two major subsystems the governor and cognator internal processing subsystems, which help them, cope with stimuli from both the external and internal environment. The regulator subsystem functions through the autonomic nervous system (perception and neural pathways, endocrine system) whereby the mechanism prep ars individuals for dealing with environmental stimuli. On the other hand, the cognator mechanism comprises of perceptual/information processing, emotions, judgment and learning. The process of perception bridges or connects the two mechanisms. Roy asserts that nursings primary goal is to facilitate a patients development of health, which she defined as the proces s of becoming and being a whole and incorporated person (Roy, 1980).Fundamental to all human beings, is their need to cling to their concept of a Higher Power. For some, acknowledging the existence of an existential being that possesses supernatural powers, which one cannot interrogation quantitatively or qualitatively defines their conceptualization of God (Higher Power). Conversely, others negate the existence of a God, as they instead chose to focus on universal moral principles, which are not culture specific and promote equal and humane treatment of all for example, they believe that it is wrong to kill or steal as it compromises some other persons quality of life. My personal nursing philosophy is primarily centered on acknowledging the existence of cultural diversity. Cultural diversity influences the differences in individuals conceptualization of God. As such, it is crucial for nursing professionals to respect each patients

GLOBAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND MARKETING Assignment

GLOBAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND MARKETING - Assignment ExampleCross-elasticity and self-elasticity are significant. No single corporation in the grocery has adequate market share to influence prices, resulting in competitive pricing and strong rivalry. The barriers to entrance are high because of regulation, the existence of patents, brand loyalty, economies of scale and high fixed costs. The mortal market partakers engage in efforts to differentiate their product, some doing well than others. orchard apple tree Inc stands out in product differentiation. The company has successfully singled out its iPhone and is likely to hold back that distinction because of its all-inclusive and closed development and use.Through reinvention of mobile phones by its magical iPhone and iPad and App store, Apple Inc. has been regarded the most innovative firm that offers top expertise in the electronics market in China. The Apple Inc. Products are manufactured to allow their Chinese consumers to ha ve a simpler life by joining various technologies. Despite the Apples popularity in china, it only has a small percentage in the market, accounting for only 8% (King 2012, p. 45). However, this can be ascribed to its little time in the Chinese market. Chinese customers were quickly fascinated by the technical devices like iPad iPod and iPhone likewise to customers in other countries even though there was improved circumspection in china in contrast to other countries. Nevertheless, Apple Inc. Analysis of revenues shows that significant Apple Inc. Markets are in Europe and America (Zhang & Prybutok 2005, p.

Telecommunications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Telecommunications - Essay ExampleNevertheless information is also serious to frugal activities, ranging from agriculture to manufacturing and services.If information is significant to advancement, then telecommunications, as a way of sharing information is not only a relationship between people, although a connection in the sequence of the advancement processes itself. The role of telecommunications in broadcasting information can be predominantly important in awkward regions where other methods of acquiring and transmission information for instance personal contact, transport, and postal services are expected to be less available.Distance signifies time, in an all in all the time more time-conscious world. In economies that rely forcefully upon agriculture or the mining of resources, remoteness from urban markets has usually been improved only with the setting up of enhanced transportation facilities, usually roads. Nevertheless transportation links leave industries without the availability of information which is becoming ever more important for production and trade of their products.Yet another difficulty experienced by many developing countries is economic field. As they endeavor to expand their economies, judicious availability of information becomes in particular significant. In the demand of physical goods and amenities, rural areas could only vie across obstacles of distance and geography if they had a natural resource advantage. Telecommunications is also critical to the lift information fields in developing areas. In the areas of information goods and services, directable telecommunications infrastructure can make geography and distance immaterial. For instance, the National Research Council reveals that for Africa, where populations and economic activities continue mostly rural-based, sharing information is crucial if Africans are to contribute to finding solutions to their own development problemsEconomic development in Africa will depend h eavily on the development of the information sector. Countries will need the ability to communicate efficiently with local and overseas markets to determine where they many have comparative degree advantages for supplying their products to consumers or to purchase essential imports, based on current prices and services. Many of the economic development problems facing African countries have scientific and scientific components that will require solutions to be developed in Africa by African scientists.... Lack of information is a critical constraint (National Research Council, 1990).In the ultimo several years, the role of telecommunications in the development process has acquired extensive focus. The ITU performed a series of analyses starting with a literature research, followed by a series of encase studies on different developmental applications of telecommunications, which were summed up in Telecommunications for Development (1983). Other case studies were compiled in Inform ation, Telecommunications, and Development (1986). The ITUs Maitland Commission pointed at the significance of telecommunica

To what extent have OTC derivatives been a major factor in the global Dissertation

To what extent have OTC derivatives been a major actor in the globular financial crisis - Dissertation Example(Inhis 2002 Berkshire Hathaway (NYSE BK) letter to shareholders, company chairman and CEO Warren Buffet) This address paper attempts to explore the extent to which derivatives fecal matter be considered to be one of the major factors that have led to the current problems in the global financial sector and looks at what steps can be taken to prevent a crisis on this scale happening again. This shall be on the basis of a review of the available lit. OTC Derivatives and the Global financial Crisis Table of Contents Abstract rogue 2 Table of Contents Page 3 Chapter 1 Introduction Page 4 Chapter 2 books Review Page 6 Chapter 3 Research Methods Page 32 Chapter 4 Analysis and discussion of research findings Page 33 Chapter 5 Conclusions and recommendations Page 42 Chapter 1 Introduction Outline the project Aims and objectives Reason for choosing this The research methodology Any limitations of the research The main findings The onset of the Great Recession of 2008 was preceded by a slump in the housing market and a credit crunch that affected the entire economy of the United States. The ensuing financial crisis acquired global dimensions though at first it seemed that the US would be the hardest hit collectible to the crisis. Even though the US Congress passed the TARP or the Troubled summation Relief Program to provide assistance to the banks worst hit by the crisis, the recession continued unabated. Further, the crisis itself was thought to have been brought about by a gang of factors that included poor regulatory oversight over the derivatives side of the banking business, predatory lending and the ill effects of well intentioned efforts to spread the risk associated with sub-prime lending crossways the financial system. This paper looks at the role of derivative instruments and derivative securitization specifically in terms of the effect that t hey had on the financial system and how unchecked swordplay by the banks led to casino capitalism and the resultant financial crisis that engulfed the entire economy and even other parts of the world. Since the focus of this paper is mainly on the United States and derivatives in particular, the available literature would be surveyed on these aspects. The emphasis throughout the paper would be on a critical analysis of the literature with a questioning attitude that goes beyond a normal review. The aim of this dissertation is to examine the role played by OTC Derivatives in do the global financial crisis and the continuing aftermath of the crisis. The last part of the sentence above is significant as the derivatives having played a part in infuriating the crisis have continued to torment the regulators and the investors alike who are yet to tackle the volcano of derivatives which are sitting on top of the financial system. Further, this dissertation too discusses the attempts at regulating the derivatives by the various regulatory agencies involved and the way ahead to avoid a repeat of the crisis that we saw in the winter of 2008. The dissertation is divided into different sections with the literature review and the research findings being the ones with the most emphasis. In addition to these two sections, the research methodology and the conclusions are given due weightage according to the marking criteria for the dissertation. Chapter 2 Literature Review 1.1 Background The global financia

What Part Does Cultural Compatibility Play in Determining The Success Essay

What Part Does Cultural Compatibility Play in Determining The Success of Cross-Border Mergers & Acquisitions - Essay ExampleMost often, considerations in relation to financing and strategies have become the main concern in obtaining the acquisition targets or merger partners that are most suitable for a come withs purpose. Usually, decisions are made depending on certain issues such as availability, price and probable earnings. When their activity fails, the analysis of merger failure or pallid performance is often focused on the re-examination of certain factors that initiated the decision for selection (Schweiger & Goulet 2005). Often, poor selection decisions for mergers and acquisitions are associated with an overly high purchase price, incompetence of managers in achieving goals, or that the companies simply do not match each other. These factors have been continuously examined yet M & A activity has not obtained the necessary improvements (Teerikangas 2007 Seo & cumulus 2005 ). Because of this, international acquisitions make up inconsistencies despite the fact that business practice and academic research have reported that many of these activities fail to achieve their objectives, cross-cultural acquisitions still remain to be a popular strategy for multinational companies. Therefore, it is necessary that the causes of international merger and acquisition failure are examined as intumesce as the strategies for addressing such problems. As reported by Galpin & Herndon (2007), in a study of 190 top executives who were involved in the global acquisition, it was believed that cultural inconsistency was viewed as the greatest barrier to the success of their M & A activities. Furthermore, the 1996 British Institute of Management survey reported that when merging two cultures is underestimated, it becomes a earthshaking factor for failure (Carleton and Lineberry 2004).

How Pathos is Used in Advertizing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How Pathos is Used in Advertizing - Essay ExamplePathos are good at intriguing sense of touchs and can play on factors such as fear, sadness, joy, humor and desires among others. whiz way to evaluate whether an advertisement put forth and oneness which uses pathos is effective is to establish whether t evokes a strong emotion for what it is intended. If it fails to, then the campaign itself may be a failure. The art, pictures, language, voice, pitch and words used, whether visible, audible or both help elicit a desired emotion and convince the customer to make a buying decision in favor of it.The existence of internet technologies today makes it possible for Mc Donalds to diversify their marketing strategy to various individuals across the world. While certain videos may be expensive to air through the TV send system internet space is explored to appeal the consumers desire for the food products from the chain. On YouTube, the Mc Donalds advertisement of a smoky Texan burger leav es the consumer in a great desire to taste it. It first shows two men seated on a cab, one leaning while the other one stretches on the bonnet and leans back on the windscreen what is interesting here is how they seem to enjoy the Texan burger, taking one bite after another. One of the men describes its contents and size as a big ol angus beef patty, big pig out of smoky BBQ sauce and big bacon and moves on to squeeze the full burger, which makes the sauce content to spill slowly on the sides (McDonalds Australia). Just the content of the burger, how the two men are enjoying themselves and squeezing of the burger induces a feeling of the taste, which leaves the person watching with ad salivating and would desire to have it. As if not enough the advert uses an aspect of urgency which is common in pathos. It states, Try a smoky Texan before it makes tracks and by the end of the 14 seconds, the advert leaves an impact such that it influences consumers buying decision

Business Management Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Management Report - Essay ExampleHowever, at the finis part, the report summarizes the approaches adopted to assess and manage action, as well as the summary of performance management, in general.Performance management concept is a late(a) outgrowth that adopts a future-oriented strategy that is focused and is applied to all workers with an aim of maximizing their usual level of performance and future potentiality. This increasing focus on the level of performance at all levels in a company arose from the globalization pressures. There is an urgent need, of creating competitive advantage, is for survival in the marketplace internationally (Elias and Scarbrough, 2004). Talents, abilities, competencies, human capital, the value-creating skills, and competencies, of a companys employees, are argued to be a significant component in forming such competitive advantage (Mayo, 2001). Management of performance is noted to be the main role in human capital development (Tahvanainen, 2000). In addition, performance management is a continuous cycle to assess and manage the development of skills and tasks of all workers so that the organization can achieve its goals.In this section, it has been divided into three major parts and subsections on it. The major sections include an overview of the management cycle, freshen up of different approaches to performance management and analysis of the problems associated with assessing and managing performances.Human resources problems that are commonly experienced by employers include establishing productivity, recruitment, employees, carrying out and prevent discrimination. However, the report covered performance management in organizations.This section is divided into three sections. They are an overview of the performance management cycle, a review of the different approaches to performance management and analysis of the problems associated with assessing and managing performance. In addition, there are

Another new assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Another new assignment - Essay ExampleAccording to the Big Five Taxonomy of record, Arnold fits in the categories of extraversion (being an extrovert), highly agreeable and highly conscientious.People exhibiting these personality traits are proven to have high job performance in most, if not all occupations, and endeavors (in Arnolds case). They conform to exhibiting enhanced leadership style, as well as higher job and life satisfaction. This can be exemplified by the number of times he set his mind and heart to pursue clearly defined goals and was able to reach or attain these goals (as a bodybuilder, an actor, and now, a governor). His personality traits such as his being goal-oriented, focused, driven, hardworking, thorough, organized, persistent and achievement oriented exemplifyThese traits, especially, his clear vision of how he wants to improve things (goal and achievement oriented) as well as his charismatic personality (conscientious, agreeable and being an extrovert) gave him the drive, determination and inner strength to get to where he is now. Arnold is also exhibiting a proactive personality which identifies opportunities, show initiative, take action and stop until meaningful changes occur. Actually, his childhood experience of being treated harshly by his parents provided the impetus for him to strive and leave the environment where he experienced hardships. This experience challenged Arnold to go beyond his dreams and expectations in life.As governor, Arnold is already exhibiting Machiavellian style in his desire to win his constituents and persuade others to conform to his reforms and economic plans. He employs both referent powers, which is based on his charisma. With referent power comes personal power due to his sources of potential influences. In the case, it was stipulated that due to his being an actor, he was able to form a network of powerful friends and advisors, who he constantly seeks advice

Professionalism vs Commercialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Professionalism vs Commercialism - Essay ExampleAccordingly, the following analysis will research to define some of the key ways in which commercialism meets professionalism, and the way in which growing levels of commercialism are affecting professions in general. It is the hope of this generator that such a level of analysis will help to bring and more complete understanding with regards to the dynamics that flowly shape the world in which we live. With regards to the way in which growing levels of commercialism currently affect professionalism, one does not need to look very hard to see the way in which they growing emphasis upon profits and profitability is defining the business world. As compared to but a few decades past, the level to which business indices are focusing upon boilers suit profitability and the bottom line has greatly reduced the level of professionalism that hobo be exhibited on the personal level. This is of course due to the fact that great and greater degrees of freedom with regards to how a given profession is performed are being removed in the face of increasing regulatory oversight and the means by which normalization is pushed above all else. Ultimately, the perennial back-and-forth that is realized between all individuals and seek to display a level of professionalism within their prevail is called into question with regards to the incessant subscribe to maximize profitability. Furthermore, due to the fact that more and more firms/entities are operating at the very margins, the overall level that professionalism within a given work spirit is stressed is necessarily reduced. In such a way, the ultimate mantra becomes a maximization of profit. Within such a dynamic, the means by which professionalism can be fostered from within the firm is necessarily reduced. This of course has a compound affect not only on the means by which work is naturalized but also with regards to how the individual worker views the importance of pro fessionalism. Whereas before professionalism was encouraged both from the personal standpoint as well is a systemic standpoint, the current dynamic sees a situation in which more and more often the individual alone is the only one seeking to promote professionalism in the ordain of commercialism. Unfortunately, the fact of the matter is that many firms and entities do not realize that fostering greater professionalism within their respective employees would necessarily have a compound affect not only of producing a better quality of product/services but would also have the ancillary affect of increasing profitability and portion mankind to a greater degree. However, like so many choices within the business world, the short-term gains are championed over long-term eventualities. In this way, professionalism is cheated out of its do merit as a means of maximizing the short-term benefits that commercialization and profit generation can necessarily entail. As a means of looking at fo rward, it must be understood by the reader that a far better approach would be to realize that although commercialization holds the potential to generate profits, so too does fostering a greater and higher appreciation for professionalism within whatever business entity/firm is in question (Day 166). As with so many of the solid business choices that exists within theory and application, recent history as evidenced the fact that as a means of hoping to generate impressive numbers pool and

Job Order versus Process Costing Techniques Research Paper

Job Order versus Process Costing Techniques - Research Paper ExampleCosting is one of the counting techniques used by companies manufactures goods and services to ascertain the labor, material expenses, and overheads incurred in military operations. This is very crucial liveing enables a company to know with certainty the materials needed, labor requirements and the overheads incurred for planning purposes. Costs ar first accumulated after which they are assigned to products and services. Job-order and ferment cost are the two main product costing techniques usually employed for accumulating and appointment costs to services and products. Process costing, according to Finkler, Ward, and Baker, are a costing technique, which involves assigning all units produced within a given period to the same cost (34). Job-order costing, on the other hand, is a costing system that ascertains separately the costs incurred for producing the units for each job (Finkler, Ward, and Baker 34). The t wo costing techniques have certain differences, which makes them equal for certain companies and non in others. To begin with, before assigning costs to products and services, it is always necessary to accumulate the costs involved in the operation. This ensures that the company effectively determines all the overheads, labor, and material expenses involved in the operation. The two systems have several differences that distinguish one from the other. Firstly, in job-order costing system, jobs are given varying degrees of upkeep and skills from each operation or production department (Kinney and Raiborn 207). In contrast, in process costing system, the out-put units produced are given equal attention from each operation or production department.... Thirdly, in job-order costing system, costing is done to meet specifications of individual customers. This implies that products and services are produced in line with the requirements of a given customer. Therefore, in the job-order system, production is normally preceded by sales. In contrast, in process costing system, sales are preceded by production since production is for generating inventories for future sales. Therefore, under process costing system, there is no need of attempting to identify labor, material, and overhead costs with the specific orders made by customers. This is because each order forms just one of the legion(predicate) filled from a continuous flow of almost identical units from the line of production. Therefore, in process costing, costs are accumulated by departments, but not by orders, which are then assigned uniformly to all units passing through the department during a specified time. According to Finkler, Ward, and Baker, costs are not accumulated using job cost sheets (Oliver 56). Fourthly, the two costing systems differ in accordance with how the unit costs are determined during operation. In this regard, in the job order costing system, unit costs are ascertained continually a s soon as each job is completed. Process costing system, in contrast, involves periodic determination of unit costs. Additionally, in job-order costing system, material required for jobs depend on the order received. As such, the stock held is small in job costing. In process costing, on the other hand, materials required for output are known with certainty. Therefore, the material stock kept on hand tends to be higher than the job-order costing. In addition, most jobs, in job-order costing are directly traceable to other jobs, implying that a

Strategic Marketing Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Marketing Planning - Essay ExampleThis strategic marketing course of study provides an outline for apt planning, management and marketing in Mandurah and the region for the next five years (Kelph 2010, p. 72). Besides, it is meant for all interested parties devoted to the coordinated expansion of the tourism, vacant and events sector in Mandurah and its environs. Basically, the strategic goal is to make certain that Mandurah and the surrounding establish a viable, vivacious and flourishing tourism industry. The plan is utterly base on sustainability and partnership as its key guiding policies. The managements decision making takes into account the contribution of tourism to the vast society in terms of social welfare, economic progress, and distribution of resources along with environmental conservation. The strategy also embraces partnership with both the public and private sectors to capitalize on the alive wealth. Financial Summary The economic alarms, skyrocketing costs, intensifying competition as well as the unpredictable fluctuations in end user perception all designate the contemporarily progressing nature of the tourism, leisure, events and hospitality sector (Lumsdon 1997, p. 67). As a result, syndicates within the industry must uphold a well-founded grip on the fluctuating consumer wishes as well as taste inclinations to persistently create goods and services that ultimately satisfy consumer needs. In the present day, operational upheavals encompass consumer security, association, extension and customer committedness along with labor recruitment and retention. Fundamentally, brand cognizance attracts vital concentration as the industry rummages around for fresh openings to establish dependable market share. Mandurahs financial and economic position... The Tourism Strategic Marketing Plan 2013-2016 virtually provides a significant dream for the tourism, hospitality and service industry in the urban center of Mandurah. Mandurahs direc t role in the industry has progressively increased in recent times. As part of the recommendations, the city and the Australian government at large should embrace, provide and support the products and capabilities that complement the contemporary position of the destination while at the same time taking into account the prospective markets and exist tourism linkages. Besides, the management should establish a matching set of experiences that typify Mandurah and act as a magnet-card to draw target markets on top of exploiting both traditional and momentous resources in order to develop areas of specialization. The city is also projected to attract fresh venture to provide more housing elegances and marketing opportunities among other leisure nest eggs. In addition, it must also increase the quantity and quality of service sector experiences by facilitating access and infrastructure as well as working in partnership with the private sector to convey integrated tourism marketing posts .To maximize and uphold the expanses artistic powers and sporting experiences to vested interest tourists, the management must also address expertise and experience standards within the industry and the community at large alike engaging the vast industry to ensure they are utterly conversant, interested and compassionate.

Financial Markets and institutions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Markets and institutions - Assignment ExampleMarch 16 saw an even worse perspective in which economic data of the US painted a dismal outlook for the economy. Whole sales prices were seen increasing more than expected, while a start out than expected demand in the housing sector pushed the investors over the edge and panic selling took place. Investors sought sanctuary in US Treasuries instead of the stocks. some other key factor that lowered the stock index was the fact that option prices jumped up by 21% given the situation in Japan. However, the index save grace and climbed up by almost 2.2% in the following two days, owing to the fact that G& offered their assistance in helping to control the Nipponese fiasco. At the same time, the US manufacturing sector registered steady growth figures which boosted the S&P index. Another key factor was that investors displayed a slightly higher risk of infection appetite and this saw Treasuries going down as yields rose to 3.26 % from 3.19%. The most primary determinant of any index is the economic outlook of the region. S&P was highly influenced by the economic data that was coming forth. The disaster in Japan nudged the fact that US imports from the region would suffer. This could cause production issues in the US, which depended on machinery and raw material from Japan. Furthermore, the economic indicators much(prenominal) as inflationary pressure and weak demand elucidated the fact that the GDP growth would slow down. These assumptions triggered the beginning in US treasuries which were seen as a safe haven. Oil prices not only raised the energy costs in US, but also created a mavin of dread in OMCs who were at risk of supply shocks. Investors offloaded these stocks, judging that the P/E measures would drop due to lower earning concerns. Present valuation of future notes flows, or rather the ability to generate future cash flows was the major determinant in the decline and the rise in the market du ring this week. As mentioned above, the rise in manufacturing growth suggested that the sector would show positive returns, hence the market jumped up. International support for the Japanese boosted sentiments that their production capacity would soon normalize. Investors took this as a positive sign and the S&P 500 gained ground on this. The economic theory apart from present value of cash flows which applies to the S&Ps fluctuation is the inflation development. If inflation persists, then monetary tightening could occur. Any hike in interest rates would hurt economic growth, and such sentiments can cause a decline in the indices. As mentioned earlier, the biggest determinant of price movements of stock indices are the economic indicators and expectations of these indicators. If expectations lead to believe that there testament be a positive change, then the prices of these indices will jump up. The flip side of the coin is that if sentiments perceive the market factors to be unfa vorable, then a downwardly spiral can ensue. Financial Crisis 2008-11 Introduction The global financial crisis which started in early 2007 has proven to be perhaps the great financial catastrophe in history. Although it traces its roots back to the starting of the millennia, the subsequent meltdown was most gruesome over the past 3 years. What began as a crisis of the sub-prime mortgage market in the United States quickly transcended national borders and developed into an

Response & Recovery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Response & Recovery - Essay ExampleAfter doing this, the second step I need to do is to perceive imposing hazards that can mend the safety of the people and the environment. This entails securing the commonwealth to prevent accidents and further casualties, which might eventually lead to evacuation of people or residents within and around the area of contingency as well as the potential hazards that rescue violence and the affected community may face (Emergency Management Institute FEMA, n.d.). The following step that I need to do after the first two aforementioned steps have been undertaken is to set up initial priorities and urgent supply necessities which take on the need to process requirements in terms of equipment, personnel, facilities and supplies that will support the activities for response and recovery routines. This phase of the motion is quite critical because everybody involved needs to be on an equal footing that puts strict compliance to having personnel who ar e trained for such situations with knowledge in the use of common terminology pertaining to hap amenities the position or title of designated supervisors/heads the role of each present organization within the recovery operations and the description of resources. ... It is vital to the whole operation that a chain and unity of command is established before the whole operation actually proceeds. This will enable every individual involved to narration to a selected supervisor that I will be assigning, thus eliminating the possibility of being given several contradictory orders that can affect the smooth race of communication and field work. Having a unity of command allows different agencies (local, state or federal) to work as a cohesive unit and effectively margin out the desired services as expected. There is also an essential need for responders to have and know entrance and exit routes, making the staging area an efficient work designate for everybody (Emergency Management Ins titute FEMA, n.d.). Parallel to the abovementioned paragraph is the organization of priorities which I will do. The first priority is always the safety of all the personnel involved in the operation since another loss of life or another casualty may undermine the self-confidence and self-esteem of the staff. Making the place of the incident safe from further damage is the second priority to do away with accidents and further loss of lives. The third priority is the preservation of property, where relief operation personnel implements procedures to safeguard possessions within the vicinity of the disaster (Emergency Management Institute FEMA, n.d.). Likewise, I need to be very specific about the goals of the operation that moldiness be finished within a specified timeframe or period. The goals must be realistic and feasible and must be within the authority that was vested on me as Incident Commander (Emergency Management Institute FEMA, n.d.). Additionally it is

In the practicalities of arranging a syndicated loan a lead bank has Essay

In the practicalities of arranging a poold loan a lead bank has clear functions but its efficacious position and responsibilities are both potentially very ambiguous Discuss - Essay ExampleIt follows from this that the legal responsibilities of the lead bank is very important as it represents an important link between the syndicate and their individual relationships with the borrower.2 Even so, the lead banks legal position is ambiguous since it coordinates what can amount to conflicting obligations between the syndicate and the borrower. This paper examines the legal position and the responsibilities of the lead bank in arranging a syndicated loan and explains how both can be ambiguous.A syndicated loan is a multi-bank financing machine where a number of banks conjoin to advance a loan to a borrower based on a single loan agreement.3 The legal complexity of this exhibition is explained by Mugasha as follows...the agreement is executed by more than one bank and there is privity o f contract between the borrower and each of the banks. Legally, each of the banks has a specialize contract with the borrower, even though for convenience, the separate contracts are printed in one document.4In a typical case, a borrower requires a loan which a single bank is either unwilling or unable to advance. It could be that the loan required is large and the bank approached is not prepared to accept the danger for the entire amount.5 In any case, the reluctance of a single bank to advance a loan often gives way to a syndicated loan or a multi-bank loan arrangement in which at least two banks advance loans to a single borrower on common terms based on a single document.6 Despite the single document, each bank has a separate agreement with the borrower.7 The result is, the obligation of the individual banks involved in the syndicate loan is several rather than joint.8The lead banks legal position and responsibilities with respect to the syndicated loan arrangements is divided into two intricately affiliated participatory roles. First and foremost, the lead bank, which is usually the bank

Caffeine - Ginkgo Essay Example for Free

Caffeine Ginkgo EssayThere argon only a few comfortably things about energy drinks, but there are still good things, however. B Vitamins, Ginseng, Ginkgo Biloba, Carnitine and Antioxidants are altogether good ingredients that an energy drink mark offs. provided, handle anything, theyre only good in small amounts. Vitamins and Minerals are good for us. B Vitamin is supposed to wake up our bodies and kickstart them, which is why energy drinks put these slip of vitamins in them. Ginseng is an herb that is lastn to increase energy levels, and alleviate stress. Ginseng is created naturally by the body, so its okay to have.But the levels of subjoining and energy drinks dont match up well when you drink energy drinks on a regular basis. Another good ingredient is Ginkgo Biloba. Along with Ginseng, this is some other emerging herb. It is said to help your memory, concentration, and production line circulation. This also is made for the regulating of stress levels, which means its something that is made for and okay for your body to consume. Energy drinks also contain Carnitine and Antioxidants, which are actually very good things for your body. Carnitine speeds up your metabolism.So, by drinking one a week, you can gradually increase your metabolism and lose weighting in a somewhat-healthy manner. Antioxidants are in most vitamins. They kill the free radicals in your body and can recover from the damage they can sometimes leave. But their are much better ways of getting antioxidants than drinking energy drinks. Although energy drinks have some good qualities, they are, overall, extremely bad for you. Their common ingredients are B Vitamins, Antioxidants, Ginseng, Gingko Biloba, Carnitine, Taurine, Inositol, and Guarana Seed.As I said before, the first four ingredients (B Vitamins, Antioxidants, Ginseng, and Gingko Biloba) are good. But, the bad ingredients are bad enough that they completely make void out the good things. Energy drinks are a secretly b ad combination of soft drink and psuedo-nutritional supplement. But one of the main concerns with the use of the herbs in these drinks is their source. The manufacturers of these drinks arent required by law to say whether or not the herbs they use have been sprayed with toxic pesticides, irradiated, or watered with contaminated water supplies.So there is no telling what other toxins are contained in these drinks, or whether or not these herbs will have a negative effect on the body. The caffeine in these drinks is dangerous enough on its own. Caffeine is addictive, and it acts as both a stimulant and a diuretic drug. The stimulant in it can arrive at anxiety attacks, heart palpitations, and insomnia. When people drink it in large or regular quantities, caffeine can also make you jittery or irritable. The diuretic in caffeine causes your kidneys to remove extra fluid from your body.They have also found that, if you consume energy drinks while sweating, the effects can be dangerous, maybe causing you to become severely dehydrated quickly. Alcohol and caffeine dehydrate our bodies enough when taken separately. But many younger people have started meld energy drinks with alcohol because it makes them feel alert and energetic, even when theyre drunk. I have never, nor will I ever, try an energy drink. I think all people should avoid drinking them as much as possible. They decrease our bodies internal water supply and natural detoxification processes.And medical professionals dont know the long-term effects of consuming these drinks. What we do know, though, is that they do nothing to provide our bodies with any necessary nutrients or fluids, and they can cause heart attacks and elevated blood pressure. http//www. globalhealingcenter. com/natural-health/the-health-dangers-of-energy-drinks/ http//www. globalhealingcenter. com/natural-health/dangers-of-taurine/ http//planetprose. com/1660/are-energy-drinks-bad-for-you/ http//ezinearticles. com/? Energy-DrinksAre-E nergy-Drinks-Good-For-You? id=1990557 http//www. whyev. com/energy-drinks. html.

Harassment Essay Example for Free

Harassment EssayHarassment at the work is one of the major issues that the cordial reception attention faces. According to Yeung (2004), the hospitality industry has much(prenominal) peculiar characteristics that make ethical issues in particular important. Drawing on various studies conducted by among some others Vallen and Casado, Weaver et al, Enghagen and Hott, and on the basis of his own studies, Yeung (2004) particularly identifies issues much(prenominal) as sexual worrying, and anguish on the basis of race and ethnic affiliation as one of the most outstanding issues in the hospitality industry. According to Perry (2008), employee harassment within the hospitality industry is rampant, and takes the form of gender, racial, or ethnic discrimination. While cases of harassment in other industries argon declining, in the hospitality industry employee harassment cases be on the rise (Perry, 2008). This can be attributed to various reasons, chief of which is the concom itant that the hospitality industry is characterised by a deep ethnic diversity.With many ethnic groups working together within the restaurant setting, for example, Perry (2008, p. 2) writes that the friction that commonly come to passs between the kitchen and waitstaff very much manifests itself in insults and epithets which target race, ethnicity and gender. Additionally, managers in the hospitality industry have taken to socializing with or dating non-management employees, many of whom argon in their teens or pre-teen years, which has the potential of triggering attain a sexual harassment lawsuit (Perry, 2008).Another equally important contributory factor to the high levels of employee harassment within the hospitality industry has to do with the dysfunctional rates of employee employee twineover within the hospitality industry. In the UK for example, Anonymous (2006) estimates that employee turnover is so high that by 2014 an extra 850,000 employees would be packed by th e UK hospitality industry.According to Perry (2008), the fact that many employees are leaving the industry, and many others joining the industry, makes it extremely difficult to tailor preparedness programs such as gender awareness upbringing, which has in turn led to the runaway rates of harassment cases. Yet another feature of the hospitality industry is that it is frequented by a lot of young employees, most of whom are in their teens, and for whom subjects as who is quietnessing with who are popular topics with them, a factor that has in many ways helped spark off lawsuits even in cases where such claims have merely been rumors (Perry, 2008).According to Rocsigno, Lopez and Hodson (2009), harassment at the workplace is triggered off by events that are both external and internal to organizations. Harassment can occur in three ways. It can be a top down process (where subordinate word employees are harassed by their managers or supervisors), lateral (where subordinate employee s are harassed by their own peers), or a bottoms up process. According to Eaton (2004), within the hospitality industry, non-employees (guests) may in like manner direct harassment at employees.Eaton (2004) states that while the law is very unequivocal when it comes to the need for establishments within the hospitality industry to both prevent and remedy sexual harassment in the workplace when carried out against employees by other employees or supervisors, when it comes to harassment against the employees by guests, it is more(prenominal) interested in what the hospitality operator did to remedy the rush rather than what he did to prevent it.The law requires that the operators take reasonable cause to remedy such situations, but what is reasonable is left to the discretion of the judge or jury. Ajagunna (2006, p. 259) overly states that guests may be harassed and draws on a study he conducted on the impact of harassment of tourists in Jamaica by beach boys, street vendors, art and invention vendors, taxi operators and beggars Roscigno, Lopez and Hodson (2009) identify various manifestations of harassment at the workplace ranging from physical assault to the understated extreme of psychological attacks.In between, we have forms such as constant criticism of the employees or unwarranted disparagement of their opinions. Verbal attacks, the use of demeaning language against an employee, disgraceful comments about the soul, or isolation of the employee are other manifestations of harassment. Additionally, employees may be harassed by being made the subject of practical jokes, by being overworked, or being subjected to unreasonable pressure or being given unreasonable deadlines.Other common ways through which employees are harassed include sabotaging their work, imposing responsibilities that are way beyond their tycoon to perform, or being excessively monitored by their managers or supervisors. Causes of harassment In their evaluation of harassment at the workplace, Roscigno, Lopez and Hodson (2009) explain that harassment occurs when offenders get the chance to dish out at their victims because capable guardians are not present.In such an instance, junior employees are powerless against their supervisors or managers, who can then harass them at give. Towards this end, the writers identify various causes of harassment, the first one of which is race and ethnicity. While an employees race and ethnicity accentuates the disparities between him and his fel misfortunate employees in as far as experimental condition and power are concerned, it makes the employee an easy and soft target for harassment, especially in the event that the employee is a member of a minority group.These employees tend to be more isolated from the dominant groups leading to a high degree of harassment against them (Roscigno, Lopez and Hodson, 2009). Ones gender overly plays a big part in influencing harassment at the workplace, with female employees often bear ing the brunt of unwelcome sexual advances which may be displayed through touching, the use of off-color jokes, the display of material with hardcore sexual content, and so on (Roscigno, Lopez and Hodson, 2009).In particular, Eaton identifies two kinds of sexual harassment recognized by law the quid pro quo type where sexual favors are either explicitly or implicitly solicited in return for a line of products or a job benefit, and the use of unwelcome physical or verbal behavior against an employee by virtue of his or her gender, and which is detrimental to him or her. Harassment also results from occupational and status disparities.Rocsigno, Lopez and Hodson (2009) report that lower cadres of employees are often measly wages and allowances, and given that they report to supervisors who wield a lot of influence and authority, they are easy targets of harassment. Conversely, the authors write that employees who possess high levels of education are not easily amenable to harassment for the reason that they tend to be more conversant with employee protection rights as well as with grievance procedures (Rosigno, Lopez and Hodson, 2009). Rocsigno, Lopez and Hodson (2009) also identify high levels of job insecurity as a contributor to harassment at the workplace.They adduce documentary evidence to show that increasing job insecurity at the workplace has sparked off increases in workplace harassment. For example, an increasingly competitive environment has led to many organizations outsourcing some of their non-core functions, in the process set off some of their workers and increasingly making use of contingent employees. According to Rocsigno, Lopez and Hodson (2009), many employers are exploiting the fear employees have of losing their jobs to make them agree to things they would ordinarily not assent to.The writers indicate that the use of explicit or implicit sack threats to get workers doing what their employers or supervisors want is rife. Contingent worker s also perform work that is of low value, and are more amenable to intimidation by their employers (Rosigno, Lopez and Hodson, 2009). Yet another cause of workplace harassment identified is that where employees harass their fellow employees because they are in competition and feel threatened that their fellow employees are better than them and are thus likely to make them look bad (Rosigno, Lopez and Hodson, 2009).In addition, the organization husbandry espoused or enacted by the hospitality establishment also plays a big rile in either contributing to or lessening harassment at the workplace. For example, an organizational culture that seeks to exercise high control of employees (through the use of techniques such as standard operating procedures and excessive supervision) is likely to result in high incidences of harassment at the workplace as opposed to those which seek to empower rather than control.Another aspect of the organization that has been found to be critical in eithe r ameliorating or worsening harassment is how well organized and articulate the procedures in the organization are, with chaotic procedures often contributing to higher levels of harassment (Rosigno, Lopez and Hodson, 2009). As mentioned earlier, Rocsigno, Lopez and Hodgson (2009) have attributed workplace harassment to powerlessness, where sufficiently motivated harassers take advantage of the absence of a capable guardian to harass their victims.An example of a capable guardian is the trade or labor union, which has helped reduce workplace harassment through their grievance procedures and their capacity to offer arbitration in poke cases. Rocsigno, Lopez and Hodson (2009) however report that in recent times the influence and sway of the trade union movement has considerably weakened a factor that has also had some effect in increasing harassment cases.Other capable guardians identified include the extent of accountability which employers or supervisors have towards their employee s, and the strictures put in place by the organization to guarantee the rule of law within the organization (Rosigno, Lopez and Hodson, 2009). Impact of harassment Harassment at the workplace has very courtly ramifications for establishments within the hospitality industry. According to Perry (2008), workplace harassment has been known to exact a huge financial toll on organizations.Establishments within the hospitality industry have been known to fork out millions of dollars to settle legal bills for the organization and claimants, as well as damages arising from harassment at the workplace. Perry estimates that the average cost of settling a harassment claim exceeds $300,000. An example is given of the Tavern on the Green, a hospitality establishment in New Yorks of import Park which settled a sexual and racial discrimination suit brought against it by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) for S$2.2 million (Perry, 2008).Apart from the financial toll that employee harassment exacts from the organizations, it also affects employee productivity and morale. When employees feel harassed and harbor the perception that their employers are not interested in face after their interests, their morale and job satisfaction suffers, leading to dwindling productivity. Harassment also leads to higher turnover rates, which also increases costs (such as recruitment and training costs) for hospitality establishments (Perry, 2008).According to Perry (2008), harassment cases also lead to the disruption of business and operations of hospitality establishments, since it forces some key personnel to take time off to help prepare the defense of the establishment. Moreover, harassment cases generate a lot of adverse publicity for the establishments, which has the capacity to bring them down, given the fact that hospitality establishments such as restaurants depend very much on having a good reputation (Perry, 2008).According to Vaez, Ekberg, and LaFlamme (2004), em ployees who fall victim to harassment normally predisposed to a higher risk of suffering from stress and psychological unease. They exhibit higher rates of absenteeism and typically have higher employee turnover rates than those employees who are not subjected to intimidation. High rates of absenteeism not only mean lost incomes for the employees (many of whom are paid on an hourly basis for the days they attend work), but also to lost productivity for the organizations.Vaez, Eckberg and LaFlamme (2004) also write that employees subjected to harassment normally suffer from lower levels of self esteem and confidence, and are more predisposed to suffering from sleep disorders, digestive problems, musculoskeletal illnesses, and phobias. This inevitably leads to higher medical expenses for both the employees as well as the organization. Measures to reduce harassment There are several measures which establishments within the hospitality industry can take in order to minimize the effects of workplace harassment.According to Perry (2008), hospitality establishments need to formulate written policies which clear articulate that recruitment, hiring, firing and other HR practices will not be influenced by gender, age, religious, or racial considerations but will be purely ground on merit. Having formulated such policies, the establishments need to ensure that the policy is enforced and to undertake regular audits to determine whether the policy is being followed or not. All employees should be made aware of the policy and must sign against it (Perry, 2008).As a way of minimizing workplace harassment to the bare minimum, hospitality organizations will also need to set up third party channels such as employee hotlines, where cases of harassment can be reported. Additionally, the organizations must also ensure that formal complaint procedures are in place and that they are known by all employees (Perry, 2008). According to Perry (2008), hospitality organizations need to offer training to their employees to educate them of the need to abstain from practices that can constitute harassment.Training the employees will not only help provide a valid defense but will also be useful in helping employees to recognize their own unconscious motivations and how to avoid interacting in ways that can be offensive to other people (Terry, 2008, p. 45). The training should cover all the harassment laws, and should be offered both to employees in management positions and subordinates. In the event that cases of harassment are reported, the organizations response will also count for a lot.In such instances, the organizations must move with speed and investigate such complaints objectively and fairly, preferably by a person who is not a member of the management team such as an external consultant or the human resource head. As Perry (2008, p. 45) writes, Employers who have joyful employees who respect each other and interact well are likely to retain them longer. Fa ir treatment goes a long way toward being the employer of choice.

Concepts for Environmental Sustainability

plans for Environmental Sustain competencyA Perspective on surroundingsal halt readiness?Environmental Sustain magnateThe Commissioner acts as an indep oddityent voice that advocates, audits and reports on surroundal nutrifyability. The purpose of this paper is to look the pith of environmental retainability. The club demand a comment of environmental sustainability that is easily d suffer the stairsstood, is logical, and is t subject serviceful in facilitating understanding, communication and efficient carry out by from each one make out players (goernment, community, business, innovators, academia, communicators, etc.).The paper also explores the signification of related names and comments eg.sustainability and related row in common rule ecologically sustainable information (as delimitate by the Commissioners enabling legislation)sustainable festering (the Brundt institute definition)triple bottom line.A preferred definition of environmental sustainability Environmental sustainability is the ability to concord social functions or qualities that ar valued in the physiologic environment This is the simplest and some fundamental way to express the concept.But pile using the term environmental sustainability tooshie specify or elaborate the term further to add extra meaning or to apply the concept to more specialised scopes.What is the sensual environment?This is the physiologic surrounds to fewthing.For example, the land, waters and automatic teller machine, physical resources and thebuildings and roadsand antithetical physical elements go to make up the urban environment.Rural environments be make up of the farms and living aras of state andthe land and waters and atmosphere and biological elements (species utilised by agriculture, pest species, and native species, and ecological communities two homophilee induced and natural).Natural environments argon those where the influence of speculative species (indigenous and naturalised) is dominant or in truth besotted.Physical resources, of all sorts, including mineral resources, shadower be determi assume to be resolve of the environment. Physical environments dejection be considered on all scales from the micro to the local, global and so far bigger scales. there is no sharp distinction among the environmental and separate kingdoms (eg. brotherly and stinting) in fact the content of each domain overlaps other domains massively. The key to understanding doesnt lie in trying to set non-overlappingboundaries between the domains but lies in be clear closely the emphasis of different domains.(Link to) Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability work 00 The physical environment includes the natural and biological environments. What makes an switch off a sustainability issue? A sustainability issue arises whenever a valued system, object, change or attribute is under threat.The existence of the valued system, object, process or att ribute could be threatened or its quality could be threatened with proficient decline. In other scripts thither is a sustainability issue whenever on that point is something that is valued that faces the danger of not creation oblige.Whenever in that location is a strong good sense of urgency, there is always a sustainability issue involved.This urgency couldrelate to something thatal involvey existsortoan understood strength.For example biodiversity cogency be threatened with extinction or the chance to realise the potential of a human race organism readiness be threatened, for example, if they remain in poverty or their lives be threatened by violence or disease.(The last mentioned would usually be theme of as organism kindly sustainability issues.) What exactly ar we trying to maintain in the physical environment and who decides?There is no automatic, fixed agenda make into the term environmental sustainability. We reserve to look to the circumstance to see w hat might be sustained.And umteen an(prenominal) nation and organisations already select wellspring essentialideas close to what aspects of the come in environment should be sustained when environmental sustainability is pursued. In a place like Victoria, with our culture, political processes and physical environment, there is strong public pressure to maintain (sustain) things likeecosystem services (eg. nutrient cycling, the water cycle, natural water purification, climate moderation, soil protectionhigh quality urban environmentsareas of natural beautyother species and ecological communitiesthe user value flowing from physical resources (eg. minerals, energy, renewableresources, water)What motivates us to trust to sustain something in the physical environment? We might want to sustain something in the physical environment because it is useful to us e.g. the quality of local urban environments. Or we might want to do it because we divvy up about the wellbeing of other flock or other species for their sake, not ours. That is we tummy be cause by utilitarian concerns and/or altruism. Sometimes we maintain something in the environmental domain in order to make it possible to arrive at another goal in another domain.For example, we might sustain leatherneck habitats in order to tide over the livelihood of coastal townships.Or we might sustain renewable resources so that we crumb support economic information or good win Genuine progress is development that creates new benefits without undermining or destroying old benefits that are chill out valued in the community.In recent years a grant of work has been done on genuine progress indicators as alternatives to GDP measures.) How long should we try to sustain something? This question can lonesome(prenominal) be answered later on deciding special(prenominal)ally what contracts to be sustained and why.For example, ecosystems services for clean air would sine qua non to be sustained as lon g as there are living things (including the great unwashed) that inquire to breatheclean air.For all pragmatic purposes that marrow forever . Living species seem to last on average a few one million million years before start out extinct though some may evolve into new species.So if we maintained a natural extinction rate for species it is so low that for interoperable purposes we would need to manage in the here and without delay as if we wanted all species to survive, effectively forever. Sustaining the recycling of certain materials may solitary(prenominal) need to continue for as long as those material types are needed technologically, and depending on the pace of technical change this could be for centuries or for decades.It is tough to assume that resources are only needed for a short time however as conjunction might find new uses for materials as engine room, lifestyles and environmental awareness develop. When it comes to trying to sustain habitat on a site-spec ific basis, very specific localised habitat or ecological community patches might need to live on for anywhere between thousands of years and still a few years depending on the ecological system involved provided all of the dependent species can access these habitat or ecological community typessomewhere consistently and at adequate scale within their local ranges forever.Is there any connection betweenenvironmental sustainability and friendly or economic sustainability? Since universe depend in countless ways on the physical environment (both natural and human constructed) sustaining craved environmental conditions straightway contributes to the sustaining of tidy sum and human societies, that is, to affectionate sustainability.The viability of thethriftiness clearly depends on environmental resources and service flows so economicsustainability depends on environmental sustainability.More popularly it can be seen that sustainability in one domain can be necessary for sust ainability in another.Sustainability requirements can be mapped to show complex dependencies across domains.We classify sustainability issues into separate domains, not because the sustainabilityissues are unrelated, but for reasons of convenience and tradition, for example, to book specialisations to develop in RD and administration, to break up complex whole into mentally manageable chunks, to reflect historical connections, etc. preserve the idea of environmental sustainability mount commitments to specific exploit? While the idea ofenvironmental sustainability is very broad in its possible scope, concerns for environmental sustainability can be translated in specific applicative goals and these can and should drive proceeding programs.See the section How to use the definition of environmental sustainability to facilitate effective action. on page . Is indemnification part of an environmental sustainability program? In a world where life-support systems and other conditio ns required for sustainability ca-ca been run down,environmental sustainability can only be achieved done a combination of both handicap and restorative actions.So restoration is a key part of what needs to be done to achieve sustainability.In most instances it is better to reduce destroying environmental values in the first place rather than relying on restoration as the primary strategy.However, where damage has been done that could prevent valued elements of the physical environment being sustained, restoration should not be overlooked.If we pursue an environmental sustainability program how much should we try tosustain?The physical environment is powerfully affected by and is made up of evolving systems ecological systems, societies and economies.These evolving systems get out create changes in some aspects of the physical environment and will prevent or resist changes in other aspects.So anenvironmental sustainability program could never send to sustain or maintain abso lutely every component and attribute of the entire physical environment.Anyenvironmental sustainability program must mark out by being clear about what it is hoped will be maintained in the physical environment and what can be waiveed to change or what will be made to change.Precisely what people set out to sustain within the physical environment will depend on their value judgements, needs, skills and technology and available resources to support the action program and the current state and the dynamics of the physical environment.We cannot assume that we automatically know what should be sustained (and what should not) in the physical environment respectable because there is an environmental sustainability program operating.We need to work the answer out explicitly. The origin of the core boy sustain and its main derivatives The say sustain has been in the linguistic process for thousands of years.It comes from the Latin sustenare meaning to hold up ie. to support.From there it evolved long ago to mean to keep something issue or pass its duration, with an overtone of providing the support or necessities that made the extended duration possible eg. a sustaining meal.These days, for commonest non-specialised use of the word the closest synonym is maintain.Sustain and its derivatives (eg. sustainability, sustainable, sustaining) were first utilize in a micro or personal consideration.However several hundreds of years ago the Swiss and Germans invented a form of forestry designed to keep the forest going as productive systems over the very long term and this was called, in the English speaking world, sustainable forestry.The idea was accordingly extended to sustainable fisheries. From there it was not such a big step for the term to be applied, during the 0s and 0s, in the macro stage setting of environmental issues where there was a need to sustain the whole environment and human society.This usage was established by the time of the UN conclave on the Human Environment held in Stockholm. The drifts in meaningHaving reached a macro level of exertion sustainability was most oft talked about in terms of sustainable development.The 0 World Conservation Strategy produced by the worldwide Union for the Conservation of temper and Natural Resources (IUCN or World Conservation Union) put forward the concept of sustainable development meaning development that would allow ecosystem services and biodiversity to be sustained.The Brundtland continue shifted the meaning of sustainable development to mean development that undertakes the needs of the present without compromising the ability of proximo generationsto meet their own needs. Then the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio set in train processes such as order of business and Local Agenda that resulted in many people coming to the view that sustainability equals the integrating or balancing of environmental, neighborly and economic issues or simultane ous progress in the environmental, social and economic domains, often in the context of strong programs of consultation and participation.Many people however felt uneasy with the notion of development as it is often associated with the destruction of environmental and social attributes that they value, so they felt better public lecture about sustainability rather than sustainable development. So, over time sustainability and sustainable development came to be treated by many people as synonyms.This trend was reinforced because some people found the term sustainable development to be a bit of a taste and they apply sustainability as a convenient (if inaccurate) shorthand. As the scale of the taskof achieving a sustainable environment and society has become plain many people wipe out seek to insulate themselves from the enormity of the challenge by retreating into small incremental changes.So some people have started to translate that sustainability is a process of change and n ot an end state, and that its the journey that counts, not the destination. As the terms sustainability and sustainable development have been apply more and more in government and corporate circles, because of change magnitude discussion of environment and development, the business world has started using the terms more and more for its own purposes.Curiouslyin this context sustainable has readily reverted to its earlier simple meaning of able to be maintained.So sustainable profits, or sustainable competitive favor mean profits or competitive advantage that can be maintained for the lifelong term.The straightforward use of sustain and its derivatives within the domain of business is understandable because businesses face competition and hence the risk of decline and extinction every day of the week.This experience of threat leads business people to reproduce meanings of the terms that are the comparable as those in long-term common usage or those in the area of biological co nservation.The benefits of definitional clarity and a strong blood to core meanings The important benefit of definitional clarity is that it makes it easier to evacuate logical problems and makes effective action more likely. A search on the web reveals hundreds of definitions of sustainability and sustainable development Although this diversity is a little overwhelmingit is not really. impress given that there are many diverse people involved in the sustainability debate and there are legitimate complexities involved.However, a careful reassessment of these definitions reveals that they fall into four prefatorial categories only one of which (type ) is a normal dictionary-style definition.The other types are referred to in this paper as contextual definitions because they create a greater understanding of the context of a term rather than defining its essence.The four types of definitions are grammatical case definitions found on the essence x is/ path y eg. sustainability is/ promoter the ability to sustain something sustainable development is development that can be maintained sustaining development is development that sustains something Type contextual definitions establish onstrategies for achieving the thing being delimit the exploit of x requires y eg. the achievement of sustainability requires, for example, the integration of environmental, social and economic issues Type contextual definitions based on the outcomes of the thing being defined x results in y eg. sustainable development results inthe meeting of needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations Type contextual definitions based on what amovement with that label tries to achieve or is interested in x is what the X movement strives for eg. sustainability is what the Sustainability movement strives for ie. Sustainability encompasses the protection of the environment and people, peace, and end to poverty, the meeting of human needs, sweetener of human wellbeing, promotion of happiness, etc., etc., etc. Furthermore any of these types of definitions can be framed in a more general or a narrower context eg. applied to whole systems eg. society and the environment or just to specific contexts eg. the environment of a particular species, or to specific human communities or a particular economy.The last three types of definition can be useful as they are carefully expressed so it isclear what sort of context they are creating.But if they are written using wrangling that See Susan Murcotts list of definitions of sustainable development in the Reference section. Where sustaining is utilize as an adjective (not as a verb). suggest that they are type , or dictionary-style, definitions then these types of definitions usually cause significant discombobulation. For example, the type definition the achievement of sustainability requires, for example, the integration of environmental, social and economic issues is usually presented a s if it were a type definition ie. sustainability is the integration of environmental, social and economic issues.This produces the absurd implication that if we simply consider environmental, social and economic issues in concert that this somehow generates a sustainability outcome.Often the opposite is true because the issues are traded discharge against each other and one or more of the objectives are not adequately action leading to a decline (unsustainability) in the domains traded off. So in this case, a lack of clarity in the expression of the definition leads to a substitution of means for ends and the outcome is unsustainability. The much-used Brundtland definition of sustainable development is a type definition, that is, it describes what theoutcome will be of pursuing sustainable development.The wording that is world(a)ly used is sustainable developmentis development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet thei r own needs.But this is in fact a not-careful-enough paraphrasing of the maestro in the Brundtland report which read Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (definition quoted from p. of the Brundtland Report).The Brundtland statement should have been paraphrased along the followinglines sustainable development can under the right circumstances result in the needs of the present being met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This formulation then localisees peoples attention on what is to be sustained, what needs are to be met in different generations and what strategies are to be applied to get the desired outcomes. non only is definitional clarity important but so is maintaining a strong relationship between the core meaning of words and their various derived forms.For example, the terms sust ainability and sustainable development are now used interchangeably by many people.For some, the motivation fordoing this is to find a shorter term to substitute for sustainable development.Others prefer to use the term sustainability as a synonym for sustainable development because they dont like talking about development since in their experience it has negative connotations either for themselves or for others.But the end result is that two terms that originally had distinctly different meanings which served hardheaded communication purposes are now blurred into each other thus losing the distinction of meaning. Or sustainable development.Sustainability is about continuity and development is about change. There are manythings about life that we want to sustain (maintain) and many that we want to change.So it makes sense to create the notion of sustainable development that combinesdesired change and desired continuity -for example we might change exploitation,unhappiness, povert y, destructiveness, etc.and sustain the rest of nature, trust, tolerance, honesty, happiness, health, etc.Treated in this waysustainable development doesnt have to be an oxymoron (a combination of conflicting terms). While theory says that sustainable development does not have to be an oxymoron, it can sometimes take quite a bit of negotiation before a whole society can be well-situated with a shared out definition of what should be maintained and what should be changed.Developing a preferred definition of environmental sustainabilityThe meanings of words gain their legitimacy from shared use, so in the final analysis there are no independently make meanings, just meanings that are well understood by many people But words also help to shape our understandings and then our. actions, so the key question is not what is the correct definition? but what do we want environmental sustainability to mean, what would be most desirable? How we choose to answer this questiondepends critically on our preference for treating environmental sustainability as either a practical goal or a utopian concept. The historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee wrote in A study of history () that The twentieth century will be chiefly remembered by future generations not as an era of political conflicts or technical inventions, but as an age in which human society dared to specify of the wellbeing of the whole human race as a practical objective. Sometimes the meaning of words can evolve into roughly their opposite.For example direful used to mean to cause extreme terror now it most often means extraordinarily good.The linking meaning was probably excite eg. the roller coaster ride was terrific. The quote by English historian Arnold J. Toynbee was used in Lester B. Pearsons Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech in . (Pearson win for introducing the concept of peacekeeping through the United Nations.)From http//nobelprize.org/peace/laureates//pearson-lecture.html This could be extended so that w e think of our present era as being distinguished as the age in which human society dared to think of the welfare of both the whole human race and the whole planet as a practical objective. If this is so then we can perhaps put aside the idea of seeingenvironmental sustainability as a utopian concept and, instead, opt for seeing it as a practical objective, that is, something to be both aspired to and achieved. But we should be doubly practical. We want to be able to use a definition of environmental sustainability thatmakes it easier for us to get things done (the first practicality) andwe want the definition to help us focus our minds on acquiring the most important or germane(predicate) things done (the minute of arc practicality).To help in acquire things done a definition of environmental sustainability will need tofacilitate communication between all the people who need to be involved in the issuemake it easier to identify actions that need to be taken in order to achieve e nvironmental sustainabilityBefore exploring how thechoice of definition ofenvironmental sustainabilitycan help us be doubly practical we need to identify some definitional choices that we can apply our choice-criteria to. Some of the basic types of definitions of environmental and sustainability that are used currently are environmental.referring to just the biological environmentreferring to all possible environments(contexts) eg. social, economic, physical,intellectualreferring to the physical environment including thebiological, the geomorphological environment and theconstructed and cultural physical environments sustainability..meaning the integration or balancing of social, environmental and economic issues,or programs or actions based on stakeholder or community consultationmeaning sustainable development or devising people better off in an ethically sound waymeaning the ability to sustain something.How should we select among these options if we want to facilitate communicat ion? There is really no sectorof the economy or group of people in the community that should be uninvolved in efforts to achieveenvironmental sustainability.Soifitis possible to use simple definitions that are in common usage throughout the whole community there is a good chance that most people will be able to understand each0 other.Also definitions that are wide spread in the community are likely to be more stable because drifts in meaning that emerge in small groups are not likely to be taken up by the whole population.The compound-concept ofenvironmental sustainability is not widely used in the community, nor is the word sustainability.But the core concept to sustain is widely used, and the term environmentor environmental is widely used.In common usage to sustain means tokeep something going or maintain something.Environment means, incommon usage, either the context or surroundings of something, or itmeans, more specifically, the physical environment.Clearly the Parliament of Victoria, when it passed the Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability Act 00, was using the word environment in the sense of the physical environment rather than more universal meaning of the context for anything. How can our choice of definition make it easier to identify actions to take to achieve environmental sustainability? Having an action focus, especially where the aim is actually to achieve desired outcomes, means that it is not helpful touse definitions that are fuzzy or based on logical confusion.So treating sustainability and sustainable development as synonyms (ie. as having the same meaning) is not likely to be a good idea.Adding the word sustainable to development must change the type of development we are talking about otherwise why would we bother talking about sustainable development if we could more conveniently just use the word development?So if we say that sustainability has the same meaning as sustainable development what we saying in logical terms isCon cept A= Concept A + Concept BIn other words it doesnt make any logical sense at all This sort of definitional fuzziness and confusion can only persist where people are not trying to be clear about what they are talking about.And indeed some people argue that sustainability is anunattainable goal so they are not greatly fussed about the details of the definition that they use. (That is, they treat environmental sustainability as a Utopian concept rather than a practical goal.) However, if we want to use a definition ofenvironmental sustainability that makes action easier then we should avoid confusions like defining sustainability as sustainable development. How can our choice of definition help us focus our minds on gettingthe most important or relevant things done? We can only answer this by going back to what motivated societys interest in environmental sustainability in the first place.The historical record makes it clear that people became concerned aboutenvironmental sustainabi lity when they discovered that aspects of the environment that they loved or depended on for survival or quality of life were threatened with extinction or serious degradation.There was an urgent concern about prejudice that made people think about sustainability.Were they originally thinking about integrating environmental, social and economic issues?Not at all.They were worrying about maintaining or keeping going something that they valued.How then did the integration or balance definition emerge?After some years of trying to achieve environmental sustainability people realised that unless they also dealt with the interacting social and economic issues they would simply not succeed in achieving their environmental goals.But did this practical/pragmatic (and perhaps ethical) realisation, change peoples environmental goals? Not really. So why did some people then change the definition of environmental sustainability to mean the integration of environmental, socialand economic issue s? It was most likely because their practical focus of attention had shifted to the integration issue and they inadvertently made a classic mistake of confusing means with ends (ie. methods with goals) There is another issue that bears on thequestion of getting the most important or relevant things done.Andthat is, in what way does environmental qualify the notion of sustainability when they are compounded?Doesenvironmental sustainabilityimply the sustainability of thewhole physical environment?Or just parts of it?From a practical point of view the physical environment is so inclusive that no real-lifeenvironmental sustainabilityprogram would everset out to sustain and maintain every aspect.If we tried to do that we would, for example, freeze in place or maintain the distribution and abundance of pest plants and animals, the reduced distribution and abundance of native species, coal-fired power move and an excessive allocation of land and resourcesto road-based transport, dangerous and resource inefficient buildings, over-built flood plains, etc. Societys are always selective about what they want to sustain even if the agenda for action is still a huge one (eg. maintaining life support systems, maintaining quality of life, keeping native species going, maintaining the resource-base for the economy, etc.). Finally, if we are concerned to get the most important or relevant things done, what definitions should we rule out? Definitions of sustainability such as the integration or balancing of social, environmental and economic issues, or programs or actions based on stakeholder or community consultation no longer seem appropriate and definingenvironmental sustainability as applying to absolutely everything in the physical environment no longer seems useful. Pulling all these issues together, it is now possible to propose a preferred definition for environmental sustainability as followsenvironmental sustainability is the ability to maintain things or qualities th at arevalued in the physical environment . This happens because people have a way of expressing themselves that goes like this environmental sustainability is all about .(insert the practical action or implication of their choice).Then people forget that this is not a definitional statement and they go on to treat it as one. A compatible suite of sustainability terms This suite of words has been developed to distinguish between what is doing the sustaining and what it is being sustained ie. between means and ends the scope of what is being sustained Word (form) Meaning Suggested usage Incompatible usage sustain (verb) means to maintain something through time to keep it going to extend its duration eg. communities are working to sustain ecosystem services, or quality of life or other species sustainability (noun) means the ability or capability to sustain (maintain) something eg. will this community achieve sustainability for the things that it wants to persist through time (adjecti ve) means related to or having to do with sustainability eg. a sustainability action plan is an action plan about sustainability not an action plan that can be kept in operation over an extended completion sustainable (adjective) means able to be sustained, durable or able to be maintained (note in this meaning the noun that the word is attached to is the thing that is sustained) eg. a sustainable policy is a policy that is kept in force over an extended period not a policy about sustainability sustaining (adjective) means having the propensity or tendConcepts for Environmental SustainabilityConcepts for Environmental SustainabilityA Perspective on environmental sustainability?Environmental SustainabilityThe Commissioner acts as an independent voice that advocates, audits and reports on environmental sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to explore the meaning of environmental sustainability. The community needs a definition of environmental sustainability that is easily und erstood, is logical, and is helpful in facilitating understanding, communication and effective action by all key players (government, community, business, innovators, academia, communicators, etc.).The paper also explores the meaning of related terms and definitions eg.sustainability and related words in common usageecologically sustainable development (as defined by the Commissioners enabling legislation)sustainable development (the Brundtland definition)triple bottom line.A preferred definition of environmental sustainabilityEnvironmental sustainability is the ability to maintain things or qualities that are valued in the physical environment This is the simplest and most fundamental way to express the concept.But people using the term environmental sustainability can specify or elaborate the term further to add extra meaning or to apply the concept to more specialised contexts.What is the physical environment?This is the physical surrounds to something.For example, the land, wate rs and atmosphere, physical resources and thebuildings and roadsand other physical elements go to make up the urban environment.Rural environments are made up of the farms and living areas of people andthe land and waters and atmosphere and biological elements (species utilised by agriculture, pest species, and native species, and ecological communities both human induced and natural).Natural environments are those where the influence of wild species (indigenous and naturalised) is dominant or very strong.Physical resources, of all sorts, including mineral resources, can be considered to be part of the environment. Physical environments can be considered on all scales from the micro to the local, global and even larger scales. There is no sharp distinction between the environmental and other domains (eg. social and economic) in fact the content of each domain overlaps other domains massively. The key to understanding doesnt lie in trying to set non-overlappingboundaries between the domains but lies in being clear about the focus of different domains.(Link to) Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability Act 00 The physical environment includes the natural and biological environments. What makes an issue a sustainability issue? A sustainability issue arises whenever a valued system, object, process or attribute is under threat.The existence of the valued system, object, process or attribute could be threatened or its quality could be threatened with serious decline. In other words there is a sustainability issue whenever there is something that is valued that faces the risk of not being maintained.Whenever there is a strong sense of urgency, there is always a sustainability issue involved.This urgency couldrelate to something thatalready existsortoan understood potential.For example biodiversity might be threatened with extinction or the chance to realise the potential of a human being might be threatened, for example, if they remain in poverty or their lives are threatened by violence or disease.(The latter would usually be thought of as being social sustainability issues.) What exactly are we trying to maintain in the physical environment and who decides?There is no automatic, fixed agenda built into the term environmental sustainability. We have to look to the context to see what might be sustained.And many people and organisations already have well developedideas about what aspects of the total environment should be sustained when environmental sustainability is pursued. In a place like Victoria, with our culture, political processes and physical environment, there is strong public pressure to maintain (sustain) things likeecosystem services (eg. nutrient cycling, the water cycle, natural water purification, climate moderation, soil protectionhigh quality urban environmentsareas of natural beautyother species and ecological communitiesthe user value flowing from physical resources (eg. minerals, energy, renewableresources, water)Wha t motivates us to want to sustain something in the physical environment? We might want to sustain something in the physical environment because it is useful to us e.g. the quality of local urban environments. Or we might want to do it because we care about the wellbeing of other people or other species for their sake, not ours. That is we can be motivated by utilitarian concerns and/or altruism. Sometimes we maintain something in the environmental domain in order to make it possible to achieve another goal in another domain.For example, we might sustain marine habitats in order to support the livelihood of coastal townships.Or we might sustain renewable resources so that we can support economic development or genuine progress Genuine progress is development that creates new benefits without undermining or destroying old benefits that are still valued in the community.In recent years a lot of work has been done on genuine progress indicators as alternatives to GDP measures.) How lon g should we try to sustain something? This question can only be answered after deciding specifically what needs to be sustained and why.For example, ecosystems services for clean air would need to be sustained as long as there are living things (including people) that need to breatheclean air.For all practical purposes that means forever . Living species seem to last on average a few million years before becoming extinct though some may evolve into new species.So if we maintained a natural extinction rate for species it is so low that for practical purposes we would need to manage in the here and now as if we wanted all species to survive, effectively forever. Sustaining the recycling of certain materials may only need to continue for as long as those material types are needed technologically, and depending on the pace of technical change this could be for centuries or for decades.It is risky to assume that resources are only needed for a short time however as society might find new uses for materials as technology, lifestyles and environmental awareness develop. When it comes to trying to sustain habitat on a site-specific basis, very specific localised habitat or ecological community patches might need to persist for anywhere between thousands of years and just a few years depending on the ecological system involved provided all of the dependent species can access these habitat or ecological community typessomewhere consistently and at adequate scale within their local ranges forever.Is there any connection betweenenvironmental sustainability and social or economic sustainability? Since humans depend in countless ways on the physical environment (both natural and human constructed) sustaining desired environmental conditions directly contributes to the sustaining of people and human societies, that is, to social sustainability.The viability of theeconomy clearly depends on environmental resources and service flows so economicsustainability depends on envir onmental sustainability.More generally it can be seen that sustainability in one domain can be necessary for sustainability in another.Sustainability requirements can be mapped to show complex dependencies across domains.We classify sustainability issues into separate domains, not because the sustainabilityissues are unrelated, but for reasons of convenience and tradition, for example, to allow specialisations to develop in RD and administration, to break up complex whole into mentally manageable chunks, to reflect historical connections, etc. Can the idea of environmental sustainability drive commitments to specific action? While the idea ofenvironmental sustainability is very broad in its possible scope, concerns for environmental sustainability can be translated in specific practical goals and these can and should drive action programs.See the section How to use the definition of environmental sustainability to facilitate effective action. on page . Is restoration part of an env ironmental sustainability program? In a world where life-support systems and other conditions required for sustainability have been run down,environmental sustainability can only be achieved through a combination of both preventive and restorative actions.So restoration is a key part of what needs to be done to achieve sustainability.In most instances it is better to avoid destroying environmental values in the first place rather than relying on restoration as the primary strategy.However, where damage has been done that could prevent valued elements of the physical environment being sustained, restoration should not be overlooked.If we pursue an environmental sustainability program how much should we try tosustain?The physical environment is powerfully affected by and is made up of evolving systems ecological systems, societies and economies.These evolving systems will create changes in some aspects of the physical environment and will prevent or resist changes in other aspects.So anenvironmental sustainability program could never aim to sustain or maintain absolutely every component and attribute of the entire physical environment.Anyenvironmental sustainability program must start out by being clear about what it is hoped will be maintained in the physical environment and what can be allowed to change or what will be made to change.Precisely what people set out to sustain within the physical environment will depend on their value judgements, needs, skills and technology and available resources to support the action program and the current state and the dynamics of the physical environment.We cannot assume that we automatically know what should be sustained (and what should not) in the physical environment just because there is an environmental sustainability program operating.We need to work the answer out explicitly. The origin of the core word sustain and its main derivatives The word sustain has been in the language for thousands of years.It comes from t he Latin sustenare meaning to hold up ie. to support.From there it evolved long ago to mean to keep something going or extend its duration, with an overtone of providing the support or necessities that made the extended duration possible eg. a sustaining meal.These days, for commonest non-specialised use of the word the closest synonym is maintain.Sustain and its derivatives (eg. sustainability, sustainable, sustaining) were first used in a micro or personal context.However several hundreds of years ago the Swiss and Germans invented a form of forestry designed to keep the forest going as productive systems over the very long term and this was called, in the English speaking world, sustainable forestry.The idea was then extended to sustainable fisheries. From there it was not such a big step for the term to be applied, during the 0s and 0s, in the macro context of environmental issues where there was a need to sustain the whole environment and human society.This usage was establishe d by the time of the UN Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm. The drifts in meaningHaving reached a macro level of application sustainability was most often talked about in terms of sustainable development.The 0 World Conservation Strategy produced by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN or World Conservation Union) put forward the concept of sustainable development meaning development that would allow ecosystem services and biodiversity to be sustained.The Brundtland Report shifted the meaning of sustainable development to mean development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generationsto meet their own needs. Then the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio set in train processes such as Agenda and Local Agenda that resulted in many people coming to the view that sustainability equals the integration or balancing of environmental, social and economic issues or simultaneous progress in the environmental, social and economic domains, often in the context of strong programs of consultation and participation.Many people however felt uneasy with the notion of development as it is often associated with the destruction of environmental and social attributes that they value, so they felt better talking about sustainability rather than sustainable development. So, over time sustainability and sustainable development came to be treated by many people as synonyms.This trend was reinforced because some people found the term sustainable development to be a bit of a mouthful and they used sustainability as a convenient (if inaccurate) shorthand. As the scale of the taskof achieving a sustainable environment and society has become apparent many people have tried to insulate themselves from the enormity of the challenge by retreating into small incremental changes.So some people have started to say that sustainability is a process of change and not a n end state, and that its the journey that counts, not the destination. As the terms sustainability and sustainable development have been used more and more in government and corporate circles, because of increasing discussion of environment and development, the business world has started using the terms more and more for its own purposes.Curiouslyin this context sustainable has quickly reverted to its earlier simple meaning of able to be maintained.So sustainable profits, or sustainable competitive advantage mean profits or competitive advantage that can be maintained for the longer term.The straightforward use of sustain and its derivatives within the domain of business is understandable because businesses face competition and hence the risk of decline and extinction every day of the week.This experience of threat leads business people to reproduce meanings of the terms that are the same as those in long-term common usage or those in the area of biological conservation.The benefit s of definitional clarity and a strong relationship to core meanings The important benefit of definitional clarity is that it makes it easier to avoid logical problems and makes effective action more likely. A search on the web reveals hundreds of definitions of sustainability and sustainable development Although this diversity is a little overwhelmingit is not really. surprising given that there are many diverse people involved in the sustainability debate and there are legitimate complexities involved.However, a careful review of these definitions reveals that they fall into four basic categories only one of which (type ) is a normal dictionary-style definition.The other types are referred to in this paper as contextual definitions because they create a greater understanding of the context of a term rather than defining its essence.The four types of definitions are Type definitions based on the essence x is/means y eg. sustainability is/means the ability to sustain something sus tainable development is development that can be maintained sustaining development is development that sustains something Type contextual definitions based onstrategies for achieving the thing being defined the achievement of x requires y eg. the achievement of sustainability requires, for example, the integration of environmental, social and economic issues Type contextual definitions based on the outcomes of the thing being defined x results in y eg. sustainable development results inthe meeting of needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations Type contextual definitions based on what amovement with that label tries to achieve or is interested in x is what the X movement strives for eg. sustainability is what the Sustainability movement strives for ie. Sustainability encompasses the protection of the environment and people, peace, and end to poverty, the meeting of human needs, enhancement of human wellbeing, promotion of happiness, etc., e tc., etc. Furthermore any of these types of definitions can be framed in a more general or a narrower context eg. applied to whole systems eg. society and the environment or just to specific contexts eg. the environment of a particular species, or to specific human communities or a particular economy.The last three types of definition can be useful as they are carefully expressed so it isclear what sort of context they are creating.But if they are written using words that See Susan Murcotts list of definitions of sustainable development in the Reference section. Where sustaining is used as an adjective (not as a verb). suggest that they are type , or dictionary-style, definitions then these types of definitions usually cause significant confusion. For example, the type definition the achievement of sustainability requires, for example, the integration of environmental, social and economic issues is usually presented as if it were a type definition ie. sustainability is the integrati on of environmental, social and economic issues.This produces the absurd implication that if we simply consider environmental, social and economic issues together that this somehow generates a sustainability outcome.Often the opposite is true because the issues are traded off against each other and one or more of the objectives are not adequately fulfilled leading to a decline (unsustainability) in the domains traded off. So in this case, a lack of clarity in the expression of the definition leads to a substitution of means for ends and the outcome is unsustainability. The much-used Brundtland definition of sustainable development is a type definition, that is, it describes what theoutcome will be of pursuing sustainable development.The wording that is universally used is sustainable developmentis development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.But this is in fact a not-careful-enough paraphrasing of the original in the Brundtland report which read Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (definition quoted from p. of the Brundtland Report).The Brundtland statement should have been paraphrased along the followinglines sustainable development can under the right circumstances result in the needs of the present being met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This formulation then focuses peoples attention on what is to be sustained, what needs are to be met in different generations and what strategies are to be applied to get the desired outcomes.Not only is definitional clarity important but so is maintaining a strong relationship between the core meaning of words and their various derived forms.For example, the terms sustainability and sustainable development are now used interchangeably by many pe ople.For some, the motivation fordoing this is to find a shorter term to substitute for sustainable development.Others prefer to use the term sustainability as a synonym for sustainable development because they dont like talking about development since in their experience it has negative connotations either for themselves or for others.But the end result is that two terms that originally had distinctly different meanings which served practical communication purposes are now blurred into each other thus losing the distinction of meaning. Or sustainable development.Sustainability is about continuity and development is about change. There are manythings about life that we want to sustain (maintain) and many that we want to change.So it makes sense to create the notion of sustainable development that combinesdesired change and desired continuity -for example we might change exploitation,unhappiness, poverty, destructiveness, etc.and sustain the rest of nature, trust, tolerance, honesty , happiness, health, etc.Treated in this waysustainable development doesnt have to be an oxymoron (a combination of conflicting terms). While theory says that sustainable development does not have to be an oxymoron, it can sometimes take quite a bit of negotiation before a whole society can be comfortable with a shared definition of what should be maintained and what should be changed.Developing a preferred definition of environmental sustainabilityThe meanings of words gain their legitimacy from shared use, so in the final analysis there are no independently correct meanings, just meanings that are well understood by many people But words also help to shape our understandings and then our. actions, so the key question is not what is the correct definition? but what do we want environmental sustainability to mean, what would be most desirable? How we choose to answer this questiondepends critically on our preference for treating environmental sustainability as either a practical goa l or a utopian concept. The historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee wrote in A study of history () that The twentieth century will be chiefly remembered by future generations not as an era of political conflicts or technical inventions, but as an age in which human society dared to think of the welfare of the whole human race as a practical objective. Sometimes the meaning of words can evolve into almost their opposite.For example terrific used to mean to cause extreme terror now it most often means extraordinarily good.The linking meaning was probably exciting eg. the roller coaster ride was terrific. The quote by English historian Arnold J. Toynbee was used in Lester B. Pearsons Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech in . (Pearson won for introducing the concept of peacekeeping through the United Nations.)From http//nobelprize.org/peace/laureates//pearson-lecture.html This could be extended so that we think of our present era as being distinguished as the age in which human society dared to think of the welfare of both the whole human race and the whole planet as a practical objective. If this is so then we can perhaps put aside the idea of seeingenvironmental sustainability as a utopian concept and, instead, opt for seeing it as a practical objective, that is, something to be both aspired to and achieved. But we should be doubly practical. We want to be able to use a definition of environmental sustainability thatmakes it easier for us to get things done (the first practicality) andwe want the definition to help us focus our minds on getting the most important or relevant things done (the second practicality).To help in getting things done a definition of environmental sustainability will need tofacilitate communication between all the people who need to be involved in the issuemake it easier to identify actions that need to be taken in order to achieve environmental sustainabilityBefore exploring how thechoice of definition ofenvironmental sustainabilitycan help us b e doubly practical we need to identify some definitional choices that we can apply our choice-criteria to. Some of the basic types of definitions of environmental and sustainability that are used currently are environmental.referring to just the biological environmentreferring to all possible environments(contexts) eg. social, economic, physical,intellectualreferring to the physical environment including thebiological, the geomorphological environment and theconstructed and cultural physical environments sustainability..meaning the integration or balancing of social, environmental and economic issues,or programs or actions based on stakeholder or community consultationmeaning sustainable development or making people better off in an ethically sound waymeaning the ability to sustain something.How should we select among these options if we want to facilitate communication? There is really no sectorof the economy or group of people in the community that should be uninvolved in efforts to achieveenvironmental sustainability.Soifitis possible to use simple definitions that are in common usage throughout the whole community there is a good chance that most people will be able to understand each0 other.Also definitions that are widely spread in the community are likely to be more stable because drifts in meaning that emerge in small groups are not likely to be taken up by the whole population.The compound-concept ofenvironmental sustainability is not widely used in the community, nor is the word sustainability.But the core concept to sustain is widely used, and the term environmentor environmental is widely used.In common usage to sustain means tokeep something going or maintain something.Environment means, incommon usage, either the context or surroundings of something, or itmeans, more specifically, the physical environment.Clearly the Parliament of Victoria, when it passed the Commissioner for Environmental Sustainability Act 00, was using the word environment in the sense of the physical environment rather than more universal meaning of the context for anything. How can our choice of definition make it easier to identify actions to take to achieve environmental sustainability? Having an action focus, especially where the aim is actually to achieve desired outcomes, means that it is not helpful touse definitions that are fuzzy or based on logical confusion.So treating sustainability and sustainable development as synonyms (ie. as having the same meaning) is not likely to be a good idea.Adding the word sustainable to development must change the type of development we are talking about otherwise why would we bother talking about sustainable development if we could more conveniently just use the word development?So if we say that sustainability has the same meaning as sustainable development what we saying in logical terms isConcept A= Concept A + Concept BIn other words it doesnt make any logical sense at all This sort of definitional fuzzine ss and confusion can only persist where people are not trying to be clear about what they are talking about.And indeed some people argue that sustainability is anunattainable goal so they are not greatly fussed about the details of the definition that they use. (That is, they treat environmental sustainability as a Utopian concept rather than a practical goal.) However, if we want to use a definition ofenvironmental sustainability that makes action easier then we should avoid confusions like defining sustainability as sustainable development. How can our choice of definition help us focus our minds on gettingthe most important or relevant things done? We can only answer this by going back to what motivated societys interest in environmental sustainability in the first place.The historical record makes it clear that people became concerned aboutenvironmental sustainability when they discovered that aspects of the environment that they loved or depended on for survival or quality of l ife were threatened with extinction or serious degradation.There was an urgent concern about loss that made people think about sustainability.Were they originally thinking about integrating environmental, social and economic issues?Not at all.They were worrying about maintaining or keeping going something that they valued.How then did the integration or balance definition emerge?After some years of trying to achieve environmental sustainability people realised that unless they also dealt with the interacting social and economic issues they would simply not succeed in achieving their environmental goals.But did this practical/pragmatic (and perhaps ethical) realisation, change peoples environmental goals? Not really. So why did some people then change the definition of environmental sustainability to mean the integration of environmental, socialand economic issues? It was most likely because their practical focus of attention had shifted to the integration issue and they inadvertentl y made a classic mistake of confusing means with ends (ie. methods with goals) There is another issue that bears on thequestion of getting the most important or relevant things done.Andthat is, in what way does environmental qualify the notion of sustainability when they are compounded?Doesenvironmental sustainabilityimply the sustainability of thewhole physical environment?Or just parts of it?From a practical point of view the physical environment is so inclusive that no real-lifeenvironmental sustainabilityprogram would everset out to sustain and maintain every aspect.If we tried to do that we would, for example, freeze in place or maintain the distribution and abundance of pest plants and animals, the reduced distribution and abundance of native species, coal-fired power stations and an excessive allocation of land and resourcesto road-based transport, dangerous and resource inefficient buildings, over-built flood plains, etc. Societys are always selective about what they want to sustain even if the agenda for action is still a huge one (eg. maintaining life support systems, maintaining quality of life, keeping native species going, maintaining the resource-base for the economy, etc.). Finally, if we are concerned to get the most important or relevant things done, what definitions should we rule out? Definitions of sustainability such as the integration or balancing of social, environmental and economic issues, or programs or actions based on stakeholder or community consultation no longer seem appropriate and definingenvironmental sustainability as applying to absolutely everything in the physical environment no longer seems useful. Pulling all these issues together, it is now possible to propose a preferred definition for environmental sustainability as followsenvironmental sustainability is the ability to maintain things or qualities that arevalued in the physical environment . This happens because people have a way of expressing themselves that goes lik e this environmental sustainability is all about .(insert the practical action or implication of their choice).Then people forget that this is not a definitional statement and they go on to treat it as one. A compatible suite of sustainability terms This suite of words has been developed to distinguish between what is doing the sustaining and what it is being sustained ie. between means and ends the scope of what is being sustained Word (form) Meaning Suggested usage Incompatible usage sustain (verb) means to maintain something through time to keep it going to extend its duration eg. communities are working to sustain ecosystem services, or quality of life or other species sustainability (noun) means the ability or capability to sustain (maintain) something eg. will this community achieve sustainability for the things that it wants to persist through time (adjective) means related to or having to do with sustainability eg. a sustainability action plan is an action plan about sustai nability not an action plan that can be kept in operation over an extended period sustainable (adjective) means able to be sustained, durable or able to be maintained (note in this meaning the noun that the word is attached to is the thing that is sustained) eg. a sustainable policy is a policy that is kept in force over an extended period not a policy about sustainability sustaining (adjective) means having the propensity or tend